What Do the First 597 Global Fungal Red List Assessments Tell Us about the Threat Status of Fungi?

Fungal species are not immune to the threats facing animals and plants and are thus also prone to extinction. Yet, until 2015, fungi were nearly absent on the IUCN Red List. Recent efforts to identify fungal species under threat have significantly increased the number of published fungal assessments. The 597 species of fungi published in the 2022-1 IUCN Red List update (21 July 2022) are the basis for the first global review of the extinction risk of fungi and the threats they face. Nearly 50% of the assessed species are threatened, with 10% NT and 9% DD. For regions with a larger number of assessments (i.e., Europe, North America, and South America), subanalyses are provided. Data for lichenized and nonlichenized fungi are also summarized separately. Habitat loss/degradation followed by climate change, invasive species, and pollution are the primary identified threats. Bias in the data is discussed along with knowledge gaps. Suggested actions to address these gaps are provided along with a discussion of the use of assessments to facilitate on-the-ground conservation efforts. A research agenda for conservation mycology to assist in the assessment process and implementation of effective species/habitat management is presented

What Do the First 597 Global Fungal Red List Assessments Tell Us about the Threat Status of Fungi?

Fungal species are not immune to the threats facing animals and plants and are thus also prone to extinction. Yet, until 2015, fungi were nearly absent on the IUCN Red List. Recent efforts to identify fungal species under threat have significantly increased the number of published fungal assessments. The 597 species of fungi published in the 2022-1 IUCN Red List update (21 July 2022) are the basis for the first global review of the extinction risk of fungi and the threats they face. Nearly 50% of the assessed species are threatened, with 10% NT and 9% DD. For regions with a larger number of assessments (i.e., Europe, North America, and South America), subanalyses are provided. Data for lichenized and nonlichenized fungi are also summarized separately. Habitat loss/degradation followed by climate change, invasive species, and pollution are the primary identified threats. Bias in the data is discussed along with knowledge gaps. Suggested actions to address these gaps are provided along with a discussion of the use of assessments to facilitate on-the-ground conservation efforts. A research agenda for conservation mycology to assist in the assessment process and implementation of effective species/habitat management is presented

What Do the First 597 Global Fungal Red List Assessments Tell Us about the Threat Status of Fungi?

Fungal species are not immune to the threats facing animals and plants and are thus also prone to extinction. Yet, until 2015, fungi were nearly absent on the IUCN Red List. Recent efforts to identify fungal species under threat have significantly increased the number of published fungal assessments. The 597 species of fungi published in the 2022-1 IUCN Red List update (21 July 2022) are the basis for the first global review of the extinction risk of fungi and the threats they face. Nearly 50% of the assessed species are threatened, with 10% NT and 9% DD. For regions with a larger number of assessments (i.e., Europe, North America, and South America), subanalyses are provided. Data for lichenized and nonlichenized fungi are also summarized separately. Habitat loss/degradation followed by climate change, invasive species, and pollution are the primary identified threats. Bias in the data is discussed along with knowledge gaps. Suggested actions to address these gaps are provided along with a discussion of the use of assessments to facilitate on-the-ground conservation efforts. A research agenda for conservation mycology to assist in the assessment process and implementation of effective species/habitat management is presented

Margyricarpus lanatus Funez 2021, sp. nov.

1.1. <i>Margyricarpus lanatus</i> Funez, <i>sp. nov.</i> <p> Differs from <i>Margyricarpus pinnatus</i> (Lam.) Kuntze by the hypanthium pilose, with tuberculate projections <i>vs.</i> glabrous with thorny projections.</p> <p> <b>Type:</b> — BRAZIL. SANTA CATARINA: Lages, BR-116, ca. 15 km em direção a Vacaria, 28 February 1996, <i>J. A. Jarenkow & M. Sobral 3092</i> (holotype MBM-212633!; isotype FLOR-27863!). Figure 1–2.</p> <p> Perennial plants 8–30 cm tall, erect, probably xylopodiferous (according to sheet annotations); stems covered by the sheathing base of the petioles; densely villose on the buds, above the sheaths, covered by long white trichomes, glabrescent on the opposite side; leaf sheaths glabrous, 6.4–7.2 mm long, with the main vein strongly impressed, stramineous, densely villous at the lateral margin and long erect cilia on the apex near the petiole insertion; petioles> 0.1 mm, glabrescent or pilose on both surfaces. Leaf blades imparipinnate, with 6–8 pairs of leaflets; leaflets 3.1–4.5 × 0.2–0.5 mm, narrow oblong, the apex acute–apiculate, and the base obtuse truncate, the margin strongly revolute, pilose on both sides, sessile; rachis 5.6–10.2 mm long, pilose. Flowers solitary and axillary. Sepals 4, green, 0.9–1.3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, broad elliptic, acute, villose, with a nervure strongly impressed on exterior surface and continues longitudinally along all hypanthium, forming 4 rows of tuberculate projections. Stamens 2, purplish, easily deciduous. Stigma flabellate. Fruits partially visible in the plant, each one covered by the hypanthium, 3.3–4.7 × 1.7–2.1 mm, densely villose between the tubercles, greenish <i>in vivo</i> (according to field annotations), endocarp ovoid, with four longitudinal rows of tuberculate projections of 0.3–0.4 mm long, the apical ones smaller than basal, the basal portion forming a narrow beak of 0.8–1.2 mm long.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> —The specific epithet makes reference to the woolly aspect of this species.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat:</b> —Known only from the type, collected in Lages municipality, Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil (Figure 3). This species occurs in high-elevation grasslands.</p> <p> <b>Conservation status:</b> — Critically Endangered (CR — B1,2:a,b[iii,v]), according to the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012, 2019). This species is known by the type locality, and only an old collection is known. This species does not occur in any conservation unit. The high-elevation grasslands of Lages region has been experiencing a disorderly and heavy rate of urbanization, as well as the remnants areas are being converted into agriculture or forestry at an extremely fast pace.</p> <p> <b>Notes:</b> —This species differs from <i>M. pinnatus</i> due the wooly stems, leaves, tepals and hypanthium vs. glabrous to glabrescent stems and leaves, and glabrous tepals and hypanthium. Another feature is the shape of the fruit, with rounded-tuberculate ornamentation <i>vs.</i> longitudinal rows of thorny curved projections of 0.4–0.8 mm long. According to field annotations on the label of the holotype of <i>M. lanatus</i>, the fruits are green <i>vs.</i> white to pink fruits in <i>M. pinnatus</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Funez, Luís A., Hassemer, Gustavo, Peroni, Nivaldo & Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro R., 2021, Two new species of Margyricarpus (Rosaceae, Sanguisorbeae) from high-elevation grasslands in southern Brazil, and other notes on the genus Margyricarpus, pp. 281-293 in Phytotaxa 496 (3)</i> on pages 284-285, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5423762">http://zenodo.org/record/5423762</a&gt

Delairea aparadensis Funez & Hassemer 2021, sp. nov.

<i>Delairea aparadensis</i> Funez & Hassemer, <i>sp. nov.</i> <p> <b>Type:</b> — BRAZIL. SANTA CATARINA: Urubici, Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, Morro da Igreja, 1780 m, 13 March 2020, <i>L. A</i> <i>. Funez & W. I.</i> <i>Ribeiro-Nardes 9796</i> (holotype: FLOR!; isotypes: FURB!, HTL!, HBR!).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> —The new species differs from <i>Delairea odorata</i> by its leaves deltoid and capitulescences composed by cymes of 2–6 capitula <i>vs.</i> leaves subcordiform polygonal-lobed and capitulescence composed by dozens of capitula.</p> <p> <b>Description:</b> —Perennial scandent subshrubs 40–150 cm tall. Stems green, erect, branching from the basal portion and often along its length, <i>ca.</i> 3 mm diam. on the basal portion gradually thinner toward the apical portions, striate, glabrous, apically foliose. Leaves gradually decreasing in size towards the apex, petiolate, petioles purple, 11–18 mm long, cylindric, glabrous, sulcate adaxially, blades deltoid, 18–62 × 15–65 mm, apex acuminate, base truncatesagittate, with two more prominent teeth and more 2–6 smaller teeth, venation actinodromous, secondary veins adaxially and abaxially raised, reticulate, coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, margins slightly revolute, (6)–8–10 teeth. Capitulescences terminal and axillary, 2–6 capitula disposed in a lax corymb 5–45 mm long, glabrous or with sparse arachnoid hairs on the axes. Capitula homogamous, discoid, pedunculate; peduncles 1–5 mm long, bracteolate, glabrous or with arachnoid hairs; bracteoles 1–2, rhombiform, 0.8–6 mm long, glabrous or very scarce arachnoid trichomes. Involucre cupuliform, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, calyculate; bracts of calycule <i>ca.</i> 5, lanceolate, 0.8–6 mm long; involucral bracts 7, lanceolate, 4.0–4.5 × 0.8–1.2 mm wide, apex acute, margin entire, glabrous with an apical tuft of hairs; receptacle plane and glabrous. Florets 15–22, perfect, corolla yellow, tubulose, tube 0.4–2.1 mm long, limb 1.5– 3.0 mm long., five triangular lobes up to 0.6 mm long; anthers 1.6–2 mm long, connectival appendage oblong, 0.7–0.8 mm long; style 3.0– 3.5 mm long, style branches with truncate apex, 1.0– 1.3 mm long. Ovary cylindrical, 1.0–1.2 × <i>ca.</i> 0.2 mm, costate, glabrous, carpopodium symmetrical, setose; pappus 4.0– 4.5 mm long, uniseriate, bristles numerous 60+, white, filiform, deciduous.</p> <p> <b>Photographs:</b> — Figure 1.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> —The specific epithet makes reference to the <i>Aparados da Serra Geral</i>, a region in southern Brazil where the new species is endemic to.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:</b> —Flowering in March and fruiting probably from April to May.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat:</b> —The new species is endemic to Morro da Igreja, in Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, at Urubici, Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil (Figure 2). It occurs in Cloud Forest environment, at elevations of 1700–1800 m.</p> <p> <b>Conservation status:</b> —Critically Endangered—CR-B2a,b(iii). <i>Delairea aparadensis</i> has a confirmed area of occupancy (AoO) of less than 1 km 2, with only one population known. The species unfortunately cannot be considered satisfactorily safe, because of the ongoing trend of reduction of environment protection areas in the region, due to the pressure caused by the agricultural advance in Santa Catarina state (Hassemer <i>et al.</i> 2015) and in Brazil as a whole, leading to the conversion of natural environments in agricultural and silvicultural lands. According to Hassemer <i>et al.</i> (2015), Asteraceae is the family with most species exclusive to Santa Catarina state. Some examples of micro-endemic especies of Asteraceae in the Aparados da Serra region are <i>Baccharis chionolaenoides</i> Falkenberg & Deble (2010: 64– 67), <i>Baccharis scopulorum</i> Schneider & Heiden (2011: 9–13), <i>Conyza retirensis</i> Cabrera (1959: 196), <i>Hysterionica matzenbacheri</i> Schneider <i>in</i> Schneider & Boldrini (2012: 51–54), <i>Hysterionica pinnatisecta</i> Matzenbacher & Sobral (1996: 16), <i>Malmeanthus catharinensis</i> King & Robinson (1980: 226–227), besides these examples there are dozens of micro-endemic species from other families and an elevate number of rare and threatened species.</p> <p> <b>Observations:</b> —This species is morphologically extremely distinct from all South American species of Senecioneae. According to the identification keys in Cabrera (1957), the new species matches best with <i>Senecio</i> sect. <i>Delairea</i> Bentham & Hooker (448: 1873) due the climbing habit, with foliose stems, leaves succulent, palmatinervate, capitulescences in dense cymes capitula discoid, homogamous, style branches truncate, pilose on the apex, and glabrous cypselae. According to the current classification of the tribe (<i>e.g.</i> Nordenstam 2007), Cabrera’s <i>Senecio</i> sect. <i>Delairea</i> is accepted as the hitherto monotypic genus <i>Delairea</i>, with its sole species, <i>D. odorata</i> (= <i>S. mikanioides</i> Otto ex Walpers [1845: 42]), being a South African native that was introduced and became naturalised in many continents.</p> <p> Despite these similarities, <i>D. aparadensis</i> is notably distinct from <i>D. odorata</i>, being a scandent subshrub <i>vs.</i> vines in <i>D. odorata</i>, the leaves are deltoid with dentate margins <i>vs.</i> subcordiform polygonal-lobed with entire margins in <i>D. odorata</i>. Additionally, the capitulescence of <i>D. odorata</i> is composed by dozens of capitula <i>vs.</i> 2–6 capitula in <i>D. aparadensis</i>. Despite the fact that <i>D. odorata</i> can be found cultivated, naturalised or invasive in the Americas, also in southern Brazil, this species is originally from South Africa, while <i>D. aparadensis</i> is, according to all evidence, native to the southern Brazilian cloud forests, an environment known for high prevalence of plant endemism (Hassemer <i>et al.</i> 2015).</p>Published as part of <i>Funez, Luís A., Hassemer, Gustavo, Peroni, Nivaldo & Drechsler- Santos, Elisandro R., 2021, Delairea aparadensis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), the first native species of the genus in the Americas, pp. 122-128 in Phytotaxa 494 (1)</i> on pages 123-125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.494.1.8, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5423364">http://zenodo.org/record/5423364</a&gt

Margyricarpus microcarpus Funez 2021, sp. nov.

1.2. Margyricarpus microcarpus Funez, sp. nov. Differs from Margyricarpus pinnatus (Lam.) Kuntze by the fruits 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, endocarp obovoid, expanded in very small rounded projections of <1 mm, vs. fruits 3.8–4.2 × 1–2 mm, endocarp ellipsoid, with four longitudinal rows of thorny curved projections of 0.4–0.8 mm long. Type: — BRAZIL. SANTA CATARINA: Bom Jardim da Serra, Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, Campos de Santa Bárbara, 24 February 2019, L. A. Funez et al. 8774 (holotype FURB-65014!). Figures 4–5. Perennial plants 15–45 cm tall, erect, with lignified branches; covered by the sheathing base of the petioles; densely villose above the sheaths, covered by white trichomes, glabrescent on the opposite side; leaf sheaths glabrous, 4.0– 4.2 mm long, with the main vein strongly impressed, stramineous, densely villous at the margin; petioles 0.2–0.5 mm, glabrous or glabrescent only in adaxial surface. Leaf blades imparipinnate, with 2–3 pairs of leaflets; leaflets 3–7 × 0.1–0.2 mm, narrow oblong, the apex acute–apiculate and the base obtuse truncate, the margin strongly revolute, glabrous on both sides, sessile; leaves of the main stems with petiole-rachis axis persistent, 6–7 mm long, stramineous, glabrous, curved down, and leaflets easily deciduous; leaves of the secondary stems with petiole-rachis axis shorter than 4 mm, the leaflets smaller than those of the main stems, crowded, persistent still at flowering time. Flowers solitary and axillary. Sepals 4, green, ca. 0.2 mm long, broad elliptic, acute, glabrous. Stamens 2, purplish, easily deciduous. Stigma flabellate. Fruits partially visible in the plant, each one covered by the hypanthium, 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, glabrous, fleshy, whitish-hyaline and rounded in vivo, endocarp obovoid, expanded in very small rounded projections of <1 mm, present in longitudinal rows, the basal portion forming a narrow beak of 0.2–0.4 mm long. Etymology: —The specific epithet makes reference to the small size of the fruits of this species. Distribution and habitat: —Known from a small area in Urubici and Bom Jardim da Serra municipalities, in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil (Figure 3). This species occurs in rocky outcrops and rocky soils along riverbanks and grasslands were found flowering during September to October, fruiting during December to February. Conservation status: — Critically Endangered (CR — B1,2:a,b[iii,v]), according to the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012, 2019). This species is only known from the type locality, where several individuals were observed, the majority of which along riverbanks. Although it occurs in environmentally protected area, Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, this conservation unit has suffered repeated attacks by politicians and ruralists who seek to detach large areas of the Park to establish farms, hydroelectric plants or wind farms. Additional material examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. SANTA CATARINA: Bom Jardim da Serra, 16 December 2018, L. A. Funez et al. 8487 (FURB-65020): Campos de Santa Bárbara. Parque Nacional de São Joaquim; Urubici: Santa Bárbara, próximo ao alojamento. Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, 25 January 2019, L. A. Funez et al. 8619 (FURB-65004) Notes: —This species resembles M. pinnatus, differing due the small size of the reproductive parts with sepals ca. 0.2 mm long and fruits 2.0–2.5 ×1.0– 1.1 mm, glabrous, fleshy, whitish-hyaline and rounded in vivo, endocarp obovoid, expanded in very small rounded projections of <1 mm, present in longitudinal rows vs. sepals 1.0–1.2 × 0.7–0.8 mm, fruits 3.8–4.1 × 1.8–2.0 mm, white and rounded in vivo, endocarp ellipsoid, with four longitudinal rows of thorny curved projections of 0.4–0.8 mm long. The habitat of M. microcarpus is rocky outcrops and riverbanks at high elevations. Sometimes M. microcarpus is sympatric with M. pinnatus, frequently on mixed populations.Published as part of Funez, Luís A., Hassemer, Gustavo, Peroni, Nivaldo & Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro R., 2021, Two new species of Margyricarpus (Rosaceae, Sanguisorbeae) from high-elevation grasslands in southern Brazil, and other notes on the genus Margyricarpus, pp. 281-293 in Phytotaxa 496 (3) on page 285, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/542376

Margyricarpus Ruiz & Pavon 1794

Key to species of &lt;i&gt;Margyricarpus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;p&gt; 1. Ovary bicarpellate; endemic to Juan Fern&aacute;ndez Islands, Chile......................................................................................... &lt;i&gt;M. digynus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;1. Ovary unicarpellate; distribution in continental South America.......................................................................................................2&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 2. Leaves, stems and hypanthium densely pilose, hypanthium green.................................................................................... &lt;i&gt;M. lanatus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;2. Leaves and stems glabrous to glabrescent, hypanthium glabrous, pink or white at maturity............................................................3&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 3. Erect plants, fruits to 2.0&ndash;2.5 &times; 1.0&ndash; 1.1 mm, absence of thorny projections on the achenes.................................... &lt;i&gt;M. microcarpus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 3. Prostrate to suberect plants, fruits 3.8&ndash;4.2 &times; 1&ndash;2 mm, presence of thorny projections on the achenes &lt;i&gt;............................ M. pinnatus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Funez, Luís A., Hassemer, Gustavo, Peroni, Nivaldo &amp; Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro R., 2021, Two new species of Margyricarpus (Rosaceae, Sanguisorbeae) from high-elevation grasslands in southern Brazil, and other notes on the genus Margyricarpus, pp. 281-293 in Phytotaxa 496 (3)&lt;/i&gt; on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.7, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5423762"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/5423762&lt;/a&gt

First record of Daedalea ryvardeniana Drechsler-Santos &amp; Robledo (Agaricomycetes, Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae) in the Caatinga area of Bahia, Brazil

Daedalea ryvardeniana (Agaricomycetes, Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae) is reported for the first time in the Caatinga area of Bahia. The Caatinga is a phytogeographical domain in Brazil and its diversity of polyporoid fungi is being gradually discovered through the findings of new species and new occurrences