Liječenje metritisa i endometritisa krava ozonom.

The aim of research was to investigate the frequency of metritis and endometritis, also the efficacy of ozone spray treatment in Holstein cows. The cows (n = 91) ranged from 2 to 7 years of age and were housed in two commercial dairy farms in the north-western region of Croatia. The study was conducted over the course of 1 year. The cows were divided into the three groups based on uterine findings and diagnosis (metritis, endometritis and control). The first group comprised cows suffering from metritis diagnosed on days 5 and/or 15 following parturition. The second group included cows diagnosed with endometritis on days 25 and/or 45 after parturition. The third group included animals without clinical signs of uterine inflammation. In cases when metritis or endometritis was established, ozone foam (Riger spray G) was inserted into the uterus. Ozone was applied by means of a vial containing ozonated foam under pressure for 5 seconds. The time to the first postpartal insemination was shorter for controls compared to the metritis and endometritis groups (P<0.05). The days open until pregnancy was the longest (133 days) in cows with endometritis (n = 28). In the control group (n = 41) the days open until pregnancy was 125 days and in the group of cows treated for metritis (n = 22) was 120 days. Conception rates for the first, second and third groups were 1.86, 2.21 and 1.90, respectively. The intrauterine ozone flush therefore has potential to alleviate metritis and endometritis as an efficacious and costeffective treatment option with an overall positive effect on fertility and the host regarding tissues in Holstein cows.Cilj je istraživanja bio ustanoviti učestalost pojavnosti metritisa i endometritisa te učinak liječenja tih upala ozonom u obliku spreja (pjene). Krave holštajnske pasmine (n = 91), starosti od dvije do sedam godina, bile su smještene na dvije farme mliječnih krava na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Istraživanje je trajalo godinu dana. Krave uključene u istraživanje bile su podijeljene u tri skupine na osnovi nalaza u maternici i dijagnoze: metritis, endometritis i kontrola. U prvoj skupini bile su obuhvaćene krave s metritisom koji je dijagnosticiran 5 i/ili 15 dana nakon porođaja. U drugu su skupinu bile uključene krave kojima je dijagnosticiran endometritis 25. i/ili 45. dana nakon porođaja, a u trećoj su skupini bile krave bez kliničkih znakova upale maternice. U slučajevima gdje je dijagnosticiran metritis ili endometritis, prilikom liječenja u maternicu je primijenjen ozonski pripravak u obliku spreja (pjena) (Riger spray G). Ozon u obliku spreja bio je primijenjen u maternicu u trajanju više od pet sekundi. Vrijeme do prvog osjemenjivanja poslije porođaja bilo je kraće u krava kontrolne skupine u usporedbi s kravama koje su imale metritis i endometritis (P<0,05). Najdulje trajanje servis perioda (133 dana) bilo je zabilježeno u krava s endometritisom (n = 28). U kontrolnoj skupini (n = 41) servis period je iznosio 125 dana, a u skupini krava s metritisom (n = 22) 120 dana. Indeks osjemenjivanja u prvoj skupini iznosio je 1,86, u drugoj 2,21 i u trećoj skupini 1,90. Zaključili smo da intrauterina terapija ozonom može imati povoljan utjecaj na smanjenje pojavnosti metritisa i endometritisa, a posljedično tome i na poboljšanje reprodukcijske učinkovitosti kao i smanjenje troškova liječenja krava holštajnske pasmine

Photosensitization in domestic animals

Fosenzibilizacija je reakcija kože i povezanih dermalnih tkiva koja je rezultat izravne izloženosti Sunčevoj svjetlosti (ultraljubičastom zračenju), nakon ingestije ili kontakta s reaktivnim sekundarnim biljnim proizvodima nakupljenima ispod kože. Fotosenzibilizaciju možemo razvrstati u četiri skupine. Tip I ili primarna fotosenzibilizacija nastaje kad se fotodinamički agens proguta ili apsorbira kroz kožu. Sredstvo ulazi u sistemsku cirkulaciju u svom izvornom obliku, gdje dovodi do oštećenja stanične membrane kože nakon što je životinja izložena ultraljubičastom svjetlu. Primjeri primarnih fotosenzibilizacijskih agenasa uključuju hipericin iz gospine trave (Hypericum perforatum) i fagopirin iz heljde (Fagopyrum esculentum). Fotosenzibilizacija tipa II pojavljuje se zbog nasljednih defektnih funkcija enzima uključenih u sintezu krvi. Fotodinamički metaboliti (porfirin) nakupljaju se u nekim tjelesnim tkivima, kao što su kosti i zubi (npr. kongenitalna eritropoetska protoporfirija goveda). Tip III (hepatogena) ili sekundarna fotosenzibilizacija najčešći je tip fotosenzitivne reakcije u domaćih životinja, a nastaje kad jetra nije u stanju izlučiti filoeritrin, metabolit klorofila iz biljne hrane koju je životinja pojela. U pravilu, filoeritrin se izlučuje u crijeva putem žučnog sustava i izlučuje se fecesom. U tipu III fotoosjetljivost, oštećenje jetre i mehanizam bilijarnog transporta sprečavaju izlučivanje filoeritrina, dopuštajući fotodinamičkoj tvari da uđe u krvožilni sustav i akumulira se ispod kože. Važno je da je konzumacija hepatotoksičnih biljaka u biljojeda često povezana s fotosenzibilizacijom tipa III. Tip IV ili idiopatska fotosenzibilizacija pojavljuje se nakon gutanja određenih biljaka, kao što je lucerna. Razlog je nejasan ili idiopatski. Klinički su znakovi slični bez obzira na uzrok. Pogođene su životinje fotofobne odmah pri izlaganju Sunčevoj svjetlosti. Lezije se pojavljuju na bjelodlakim, nepigmentiranim ili bezdlačnim područjima kao što su nos i vime. Najprije se razviju eritem i edem kože. Ako je izlaganje Sunčevoj svjetlosti produljeno, lezije mogu napredovati do stvaranja vezikula i bula, serumskog eksudativnog dermatitisa, ulceracija, stvaranja krasta i nekroze kože. Posljednja faza uključuje ljuštenje kože.Photosensitivity (photosensitization) is an abnormal, skin and associated dermal tissue reaction that results from direct exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation), following ingestion or contact with secondary reactive plant products accumulated beneath the skin. There are four types of photosensitization. Type I or primary photosensitization occurs when the photodynamic agent is either ingested or absorbed through the skin. The agent enters the systemic circulation in its native form, where it results in skin cell membrane damage after the animal is exposed to ultraviolet light. Examples of primary photosensitizing agents include hypericin from St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) and fagopyrin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Type II photosensitization occurs due to inherited defective functions of the enzymes involved in blood synthesis. The photodynamic metabolites (porphyrin) accumulate in some body tissues, such as bones and teeth (for ex. Bovine congenital erythropoietic protoporphyria). Type III (hepatogenous) or secondary photosensitization is the most common type of photosensitivity reaction seen in domestic animals, which occurs when the liver is unable to excrete phylloerythrin, a metabolite of chlorophyll, from the forage the animal has eaten. Normally, phylloerythrin is secreted into the intestine by the biliary system and excreted through the feces. In Type III photosensitivity, hepatic damage and the biliary transport mechanism prevents the excretion of phylloerythrin, allowing the photodynamic substance to enter the circulatory system and accumulate under the skin. It is important that ingestion of hepatotoxic plants in herbivores is frequently linked to type III photosensitization. Type IV, or idiopathic photosensitivity, occurs following the ingestion of certain plants, such as alfalfa. The reason is obscure or idiopathic. The clinical signs are similar regardless of the cause. Affected animals are photophobic immediately when exposed to sunlight. Lesions appear in white-haired, nonpigmented or hairless areas, such as the nose and udders. Erythema and skin edema develop first. If sunlight exposure is prolonged, lesions may progress to vesicle and bulla formation, serum formation, serum exudative dermatitis, ulceration, scab formation, and skin necrosis. The final stage involves skin sloughing

Photosensitization in domestic animals

Fosenzibilizacija je reakcija kože i povezanih dermalnih tkiva koja je rezultat izravne izloženosti Sunčevoj svjetlosti (ultraljubičastom zračenju), nakon ingestije ili kontakta s reaktivnim sekundarnim biljnim proizvodima nakupljenima ispod kože. Fotosenzibilizaciju možemo razvrstati u četiri skupine. Tip I ili primarna fotosenzibilizacija nastaje kad se fotodinamički agens proguta ili apsorbira kroz kožu. Sredstvo ulazi u sistemsku cirkulaciju u svom izvornom obliku, gdje dovodi do oštećenja stanične membrane kože nakon što je životinja izložena ultraljubičastom svjetlu. Primjeri primarnih fotosenzibilizacijskih agenasa uključuju hipericin iz gospine trave (Hypericum perforatum) i fagopirin iz heljde (Fagopyrum esculentum). Fotosenzibilizacija tipa II pojavljuje se zbog nasljednih defektnih funkcija enzima uključenih u sintezu krvi. Fotodinamički metaboliti (porfirin) nakupljaju se u nekim tjelesnim tkivima, kao što su kosti i zubi (npr. kongenitalna eritropoetska protoporfirija goveda). Tip III (hepatogena) ili sekundarna fotosenzibilizacija najčešći je tip fotosenzitivne reakcije u domaćih životinja, a nastaje kad jetra nije u stanju izlučiti filoeritrin, metabolit klorofila iz biljne hrane koju je životinja pojela. U pravilu, filoeritrin se izlučuje u crijeva putem žučnog sustava i izlučuje se fecesom. U tipu III fotoosjetljivost, oštećenje jetre i mehanizam bilijarnog transporta sprečavaju izlučivanje filoeritrina, dopuštajući fotodinamičkoj tvari da uđe u krvožilni sustav i akumulira se ispod kože. Važno je da je konzumacija hepatotoksičnih biljaka u biljojeda često povezana s fotosenzibilizacijom tipa III. Tip IV ili idiopatska fotosenzibilizacija pojavljuje se nakon gutanja određenih biljaka, kao što je lucerna. Razlog je nejasan ili idiopatski. Klinički su znakovi slični bez obzira na uzrok. Pogođene su životinje fotofobne odmah pri izlaganju Sunčevoj svjetlosti. Lezije se pojavljuju na bjelodlakim, nepigmentiranim ili bezdlačnim područjima kao što su nos i vime. Najprije se razviju eritem i edem kože. Ako je izlaganje Sunčevoj svjetlosti produljeno, lezije mogu napredovati do stvaranja vezikula i bula, serumskog eksudativnog dermatitisa, ulceracija, stvaranja krasta i nekroze kože. Posljednja faza uključuje ljuštenje kože.Photosensitivity (photosensitization) is an abnormal, skin and associated dermal tissue reaction that results from direct exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation), following ingestion or contact with secondary reactive plant products accumulated beneath the skin. There are four types of photosensitization. Type I or primary photosensitization occurs when the photodynamic agent is either ingested or absorbed through the skin. The agent enters the systemic circulation in its native form, where it results in skin cell membrane damage after the animal is exposed to ultraviolet light. Examples of primary photosensitizing agents include hypericin from St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) and fagopyrin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Type II photosensitization occurs due to inherited defective functions of the enzymes involved in blood synthesis. The photodynamic metabolites (porphyrin) accumulate in some body tissues, such as bones and teeth (for ex. Bovine congenital erythropoietic protoporphyria). Type III (hepatogenous) or secondary photosensitization is the most common type of photosensitivity reaction seen in domestic animals, which occurs when the liver is unable to excrete phylloerythrin, a metabolite of chlorophyll, from the forage the animal has eaten. Normally, phylloerythrin is secreted into the intestine by the biliary system and excreted through the feces. In Type III photosensitivity, hepatic damage and the biliary transport mechanism prevents the excretion of phylloerythrin, allowing the photodynamic substance to enter the circulatory system and accumulate under the skin. It is important that ingestion of hepatotoxic plants in herbivores is frequently linked to type III photosensitization. Type IV, or idiopathic photosensitivity, occurs following the ingestion of certain plants, such as alfalfa. The reason is obscure or idiopathic. The clinical signs are similar regardless of the cause. Affected animals are photophobic immediately when exposed to sunlight. Lesions appear in white-haired, nonpigmented or hairless areas, such as the nose and udders. Erythema and skin edema develop first. If sunlight exposure is prolonged, lesions may progress to vesicle and bulla formation, serum formation, serum exudative dermatitis, ulceration, scab formation, and skin necrosis. The final stage involves skin sloughing

Povezanost pariteta, fekunditeta i ocjene tjelesne kondicije s nekim metaboličkim pokazateljima iz krvnog seruma njemačke šarene koze prije i nakon porođaja.

The aim of present study was to study the effect of parity and fecundity on the body condition score and blood serum concentration of metabolites (beta-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides) during the pre and post parturient period in German Improved Fawn goats. Forty goats (primiparous (n = 18) and multiparous (n = 22) were used in the study. Blood sampling were done 4 times for each goat, starting 20 days before expected parturition, after parturition, and on the 20th and 40th day of lactation. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture. In the obtained blood serum concentrations of metabolites were determined by the standard method of absorptive spectrophotometry. The total concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate and triglycerides in goat blood serum was not different within the category of body condition score, but the level of glucose was significantly lower in intermediate and fat goats and the level of total cholesterol was higher (P<0.05) in fat goats. The number of kids per doe and parity did not influence the total concentration of metabolites in goat blood serum. At the beginning of lactation and during lactation, the mean values of body condition score in goats were decreased (P<0.05). The concentration of beta -hydroxybutyrate was the highest immediately after parturition and the lowest 40 days after parturition. Levels of glucose were higher after parturition when the levels of total cholesterol were lower. Only the concentration of triglycerides in the goats’ blood sera did not differ. Some blood serum parameters and body condition scoring can be useful for evaluation of the nutritive and health status of dairy goats.Cilj istraživanja je bio odrediti utjecaj pariteta i fekunditeta na ocjenu tjelesne kondicije i koncentraciju metabolita iz krvnog seruma (beta-hidroksibutirat, glukoza, ukupni kolesterol i trigliceridi) za vrijeme, prije i poslije puerperalnog razdoblja u njemačke šarene koze. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 40 koza, 18 primiparnih i 22 multiparne. Krv je kozama vađena iz jugulane vene četiri put počevši od 20. dana prije očekivanog jarenja, poslije jarenja, te 20. i 40. dana poslije jarenja. U dotičnom serumu određivane su koncentracije metabolita standardnom metodom apsorptivne spektrofotometrije. Ukupna koncentracija beta -hidroksibutirata i triglicerida u krvnom serumu koza nije se razlikovala u odnosu na kategoriju ocjene tjelesne vanjštine, ali je razina glukoze bila značajno niža u umjereno gojnih i pretilih koza, dok je razina ukupnog kolesterola bila viša (P<0,05) u pretilih koza. Broj jaradi po kozi i paritet nisu utjecali na ukupnu koncentraciju metabolita u krvnom serumu koza. Na početku i za vrijeme laktacije, srednje vrijednosti ocjene tjelesne vanjštine koza su padale (P<0,05). Koncentracija beta-hidroksibutirata bila je najviša neposredno nakon porođaja i najniža 40. dan poslije porođaja. Razina glukoze bila je najviša poslije porođaja dok je razina ukupnog kolesterola bila niža. Jedino se nije razlikovala razina triglicerida u krvnom serumu koza. Neki pokazatelji u krvnom serumu i ocjena tjelesne vanjštine mogu se koristiti pri vrednovanju hranidbenoga zdravstvenog statusa muznih koza

Physiology of reproduction in camelids - Assisted reproductive technologies, pregnancy, and parturition. Part II.

Iako kamelidi nisu gospodarski značajne životinje i nisu znatno zastupljeni u Hrvatskoj, oni predstavljaju atrakciju pa je sve veći trend uzgoja ovih životinja kao kućnih ljubimaca, posebice južnoameričkih kamelida; ljama i alpaka. U prirodnim uvjetima rasplodna učinkovitost kamelida je relativno niska. Kamelidi su sezonski poliestrične životinje. Ženke imaju induciranu ovulaciju koja je inducirana kopulacijom. Polučivanje sjemena sastoji se od korištenja umjetne vagine (sa suženjem) koja se nalazi unutar drvenog fantoma u sjedećem položaju. Primjena asistirane reproduktivne tehnologije, poput umjetnog osjemenjivanja (UO) i multiple ovulacije i embriotransfera (MOET), proizvodnje zametaka in vitro (sazrijevanje, oplodnja i uzgoj) ili drugih biotehnologija (kloniranje i transgeneza) nisu u široj uporabi kao rutinski uzgojni postupci u kamelida. Tehnologije kao što su UO i MOET se primijenjuju u uzgojnim programima za poboljšanje proizvodnih karakteristika različitih vrsta domaćih životinja. Ove se tehnike ne mogu izravno koristiti u kamelida, jer je fiziologija rasplodnje različita u odnosu na ostale domaće životinje. Danas se za izazivanje multiple ovulacije na jajnicima deve najčešće koristi kombinacija svinjskog FSH (pFSH) i konjskog korionskog gonadotropina (eCG). Bolji je uspjeh koncepcije ako primateljice ovuliraju 24 h nakon davateljica. Primateljice se moraju odabrati iz skupine ženki s folikulom promjera 13 - 17 mm, a kojima se aplicirao GnRH ili hCG 24 h nakon parenja davateljice. Zametci se ispiru transcervikalno 7. dan nakon ovulacije. Nakon odabira zametaka na temelju morfoloških karakteristika, aspiriraju se u pajetu i prenose u pripremljenu primateljicu (6. dan nakon ovulacije), najčešće u lijevi rog maternice. Generacijski interval je relativno dug zbog kasne zrelosti i relativno dugog razdoblja gestacije pri čemu rađaju samo jedno mlado. Gravidnost u deva traje u prosjeku 365-410 dana, u ljama 345±15 dana i u alpaka 330±10 dana. Najčešće je gravidan lijevi rog maternice. Kao i u ostalih sisavaca, za održavanje gravidnosti bitno je tzv. majčinsko prepoznavanje gravidnosti kojim se omogućuje preživljavanje zametka. Porođaj se dijeli u tri osnovna stadija: stadij otvaranja (2 - 6 sati), stadij istiskivanja ploda (10 - 45 minuta) i stadij izbacivanja posteljice. Zbog relativno dugog vrata i nogu te činjenice da se gotovo svi fetusi rađaju u prednjem podužnom situsu, često je prisutna fleksija vrata i/ili ekstremiteta. Posteljica (placenta) kamelida je prema slojevima placenta epitheliochorialis (microcotyledonaria), a prema rasporedu sveza placente materne i placente fetalis, placenta diffusa. Važno je dobro poznavanje tehnologije uzgoja i pravilne ishrane kako bi se zdravlje i reprodukcija kamelida održali na visokoj razini. Obzirom na dugi generacijski interval bitno je sve više pažnje usmjeravati na poboljšanje biotehnoloških zahvata i ranu ultrazvučnu dijagnostiku gravidnosti.Although camelids are not representedand economically significant animals in Croatia, they represent an attraction and there is a growing trend of breeding these animals as pets, especially the South American camelids, llamas and alpacas. In natural conditions, the reproductive efficiency of camelids is relatively low. Camelids are seasonally polyoestrous animals. Ovulation in the female is induced by copulation. Semen collection consists of the use of an artificial vagina (with stricture) placed in a female wooden dummy in the sitting position. Use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as Artificial Insemination (AI) and Multiple Ovulations and Embryo Transfer (MOET), in vitro (maturation, fertilization, culture) embryo production or other biotechnologies (cloning and transgenesis) are not widely used as routine breeding procedures in camels. AI and MOET are technologies applied in breeding programmes to improve the production characteristics of various domestic animal species. These techniques are not directly applicable in camelids, a the reproductive physiology differs compared to other domestic animals. Today, the most commonly used combination for the multiple ovulation of ovaries in camels is a combination of porcine FSH (pFSH) and equine chorionic gonadothropine (eCG). A better pregnancy rate is achieved with recipients ovulating 24 h after the donor. Recipients must be prepared from a group of females with follicles 13 - 17 mm in diameter, and are injected with GnRH or hCG 24 h after mating with the donor. Embryos are flushed transcervically on day 7 after ovulation. After selecting the embryos based on morphological characteristics, the embryos are aspired in the paillette and transferred to the prepared recipients (on day 6 after ovulation), usually in the left horn of the uterus. The generational interval is relatively long because of the late sexual maturity, long gestation period and they have only one newborn. Gestation length is 365 to 410 days in dromedary camels, 345±15 days in llamas, and 330±10 days in alpacas. Pregnancies usually occur in the left uterine horn. The embryonic signal for maternal recognition is important for embryo survival. Parturition is divided into three stages: preparation for birth (2 - 6 hours), the passage of foetus (10 - 45 minutes), and expulsion of the placenta. Because of the relatively long neck and limbs and the fact that almost all foetuses are born in the anterior longitudinal presentation, neck or/and limb flexion is often present. With good management and controlled breeding, it is possible to increase the reproductive efficiency of camelids. The caul (placenta) of camelids (according to the layers) is the placenta epitheliochorialis (microcotyledonaria), and according to the schedule between placenta materna and placenta fetalis is the placenta diffusa. Due to the long generation interval, more attention should be directed at improving assisted reproductive technologies and early ultrasound pregnancy recognition

Mating properties of male alpacas (Vicugna pacos, L.)

Alpake su pripitomljene životinje iz porodice deva koje potječu s južnoameričkih Anda. Fiziologija rasplođivanja alpaka se znatno razlikuje od nama poznatih domaćih životinja. Rasplodna sezona u Južnoj Americi traje tijekom kišne sezone, od prosinca do ožujka, dok se u Sjevernoj Americi pare čitave godine. Spolno su zreli u dobi od 1 do 3 godine. Kad mužjak ulazi u razdoblje spolne zrelosti, raste razina testosterona te nestaju adhezije između penisa i prepucija s kojima se mužjak rodio. Generacijski interval je relativno dug jer su mužjaci kasno zreli u odnosu na domaće preživače iste ili slične veličine. Gravidnost traje 11,5 mjeseci. Ponašanje prilikom parenja može se podijeliti na dva stadija: udvaranje i kopulacija. Udvaranje počinje kad mužjak pokaže interes za ženkom što može trajati samo nekoliko sekundi do prosječno 4 minute tj. najviše 10 minuta ako je ženka spremna za parenje. Stadij kopulacije započinje kad ženka zauzme stav za kopulaciju. Alpake se pare u ležećem sternalnom položaju, a sam akt traje oko 20 minuta u kojem mužjak ejakulira nekoliko puta. Na duljinu trajanja kopulacije utječe pasmina, starost, godišnje doba, učestalost parenja i prisutnost drugih ženki. Plodnost mužjaka alpake opada s brojem uzastopnih parenja. Pokušane su razne metode dobivanja sjemena, ali najuspješniji je način dobivanja s pomoću posebne umjetne vagine i drvenog fantoma (alpake u ležećem sternalnom položaju) presvučenog kožom alpake. Ejakulati su mliječne do kremasto- bijele boje, manjeg volumena, vrlo viskozni, a sadrže relativno nisku koncentraciju spermija. Spermiji postaju progresivno pokretljivi kad ejakulat postane tekuć, a to je u prosjeku oko 23 sata nakon dobivanja. Probleme kod rasplođivanja mužjaka alpaki čine način parenja, duljina trajanja kopulacije, intrauterino polaganje sjemena te karakteristike ejakulata.Alpacas are domesticated animals of the camelid family, originating from the South American Andes. The physiology of alpaca breeding is significantly different to that of common domestic animals. The breeding season in South America lasts during the rainy season, from December to March, while in North America, breeding takes place year round. When the male enters the period of sexual maturity, testosterone levels increase and adhesions between the penis and the prepuce (with which the male was born) disappear. The generational interval is relatively long, as males mature later than domestic ruminants of similar size, reaching puberty between the ages of 1 to 3 years. Gestation length is 11.5 months. Behaviour during mating can be divided into two stages: courtship and copulation. Courtship begins when a male shows interest for a female, which lasts on average 4 minutes, though this may range from several seconds to a maximum of 10 minutes if the female is ready to mate. The copulation stage begins when the female 42 takes the mating position. Mating is in sternal recumbency, and takes about 20 minutes, during which time the male ejaculates several times. The duration of copulation is dependent on the breed, age, season, frequency of mating, and the presence of other females. The fertility of the alpaca male decreases with the number of consecutive matings. Various methods have been used to collect semen, though the most successful method is using a special artificial vagina and wooden dummy (of a female in sternal recumbency) covered with an alpaca hide. The ejaculate is milky to creamy-white in colour, and has a low volume, is highly viscous, and contains a relatively low sperm concentration. Sperm becomes progressively motile as the ejaculate becomes liquid, on average about 23 hours after collection. Issues in the breeding of male alpacas include the manner of mating, duration of copulation, intrauterine deposits of semen and ejaculate properties

Pathology of puerperium in goats

Pologija puerperija odnosi se na patološka stanja koja se klinički očituju tijekom puerperija, a obuhvaća upale spolnih organa, intoksikacije i različite deficitarne bolesti. Puerperalne intoksikacije su patološka stanja u koza koja nastaju zbog resorpcije toksina saprofitskih bakterija koje ulaze u porođajni kanal tijekom jarenja i puerperija te raspadnih produkata ploda, posteljice i sadržaja maternice. Upale mogu nastati za vrijeme puerperija kod koza i nazivaju se puerperalne upale. S obzirom na lokalizaciju i proširenost u organizmu mogu biti lokalne i opće, a s obzirom na vrstu uzročnika i bolest koju uzrokuju mogu biti specifične i nespecifične. Razlika između puerperalnih intoksikacija i upala jest stalno prisutna povišena temperatura kod upala i teži poremećaj općeg stanja. Specifične opće puerperalne infekcije rijetko se pojavljuju, a to su plinoviti edemi i tetanus, protiv kojih se koze mogu preventivno cijepiti. Puerperalna hipokalcemija jest poremećaj mijene tvari koji nastaje zbog nedostatnog snabdijevanja kalcijem i magnezijem. Liječenju puerperalnih patoloških stanja treba pristupiti što ranije, a liječenje, ovisno o bolesti, može biti lokalno ili simptomatsko.The pathology of puerperium refers to pathologies that are clinically manifested during the puerperium, and includes genital inflammation, intoxication, and various deficiency diseases. Puerperal intoxications are a pathological condition of goats that occurs as a result of resorption of toxins from saprophytic bacteria that enter the birth canal during parturition and puerperium, and the disintegrated products of the fetus, placenta and uterine contents. Inflammations that can occur during puerperium in the doe are called puerperal inflammations. In relation to their localization and distribution in the body, they may be local or general, and in terms of the type of pathogen and the disease they cause, they may be specific or nonspecific. The difference between puerperal intoxications and inflammation is the constant presence of fever during inflammation, and the more severe disorders of the general condition. Specific general puerperal infections are rare, but they are gaseous edema and tetanus against which goats can be vaccinated preventively. Puerperal hypocalcemia is a metabolic disorder caused by an insufficient supply of calcium and magnesium. Treatment of puerperal pathological conditions should be approached as early as possible, and the treatment, depending on the disease, may be local or symptomatic

Physiology of reproduction in camelids - Anatomy of reproductive organs and sexual maturity Part I.

U prirodnim uvjetima rasplodna učinkovitost kamelida je relativno niska, a fiziologija rasplodnje se razlikuje u usporedbi s drugim domaćim životinjama. Generacijski interval je relativno dug, jer mužjaci kasno spolno sazrijevaju, a ženke imaju produženu gestaciju u odnosu na ostale domaće preživače. Kamelidi su sezonski poliestrične životinje čija je sezona pod utjecajem raznih čimbenika. Tijekom rasplodne sezone primjećuje se stalan razvoj funkcionalnih folikularnih valova. Ženke imaju induciranu ovulaciju, a ovulacija se inducira parenjem. Jednogrbe deve se smatraju spolno zrelima u dobi od dvije godine, ali su rasplodno zrele u dobi s 3 - 4, a mužjaci u dobi od 4 - 5 godina. Alpake dosegnu spolnu zrelost u dobi od 12 - 14 mjeseci te se mogu pripustiti nakon 18 mjeseci, a mužjaci nakon 2 godine. Spolni ciklus u kamelida traje 2 - 3 tjedna, a estrus od 3 do 4 dana. Tijekom estrusa ženka je sposobna za pripust, odnosno umjetno osjemenjivanje, što pokazuje karakterističnim promjenama u ponašanju i izgledu vanjskih spolnih organa. Parenje se odvija u sjedećem stavu. Svaki ejakulat kamelida je malog volumena, ali velike viskoznosti i sadrži nisku koncentraciju spermija.In natural conditions, the efficiency of breeding in camelids is relatively low. The reproductive physiology of camelids differs to that of other domestic animals. Generation intervals are relatively long as males are slow to sexually mature and females exhibit an extended gestation period in comparison to domestic ruminants. Camelids are seasonally polyoestrous animals whose seasonal reproduction is influenced by various factors. During the season, there is a steady development of functional follicular waves. Females are induced ovulators, where ovulation is induced by copulation. Dromedary camels are considered to be sexually mature at the age of 2 years but are capable of mating at 3 to 4 years, and males at 4 - 5 years. Alpacas are sexually mature within 12 - 14 months or capable of mating within 18 months, and males after 2 years. The sexual cycle lasts from 2 to 3 weeks and oestrus lasts from 3 - 4 days. During oestrus, the female is ready for mating/artificial insemination, and experiences changes in behaviour and characteristic changes to the reproductive organs. Mating is in sternal recumbency. The camelid ejaculate consists of low volume, high viscosity semen containing a low sperm concentration

Pathology of puerperium in goats

Pologija puerperija odnosi se na patološka stanja koja se klinički očituju tijekom puerperija, a obuhvaća upale spolnih organa, intoksikacije i različite deficitarne bolesti. Puerperalne intoksikacije su patološka stanja u koza koja nastaju zbog resorpcije toksina saprofitskih bakterija koje ulaze u porođajni kanal tijekom jarenja i puerperija te raspadnih produkata ploda, posteljice i sadržaja maternice. Upale mogu nastati za vrijeme puerperija kod koza i nazivaju se puerperalne upale. S obzirom na lokalizaciju i proširenost u organizmu mogu biti lokalne i opće, a s obzirom na vrstu uzročnika i bolest koju uzrokuju mogu biti specifične i nespecifične. Razlika između puerperalnih intoksikacija i upala jest stalno prisutna povišena temperatura kod upala i teži poremećaj općeg stanja. Specifične opće puerperalne infekcije rijetko se pojavljuju, a to su plinoviti edemi i tetanus, protiv kojih se koze mogu preventivno cijepiti. Puerperalna hipokalcemija jest poremećaj mijene tvari koji nastaje zbog nedostatnog snabdijevanja kalcijem i magnezijem. Liječenju puerperalnih patoloških stanja treba pristupiti što ranije, a liječenje, ovisno o bolesti, može biti lokalno ili simptomatsko.The pathology of puerperium refers to pathologies that are clinically manifested during the puerperium, and includes genital inflammation, intoxication, and various deficiency diseases. Puerperal intoxications are a pathological condition of goats that occurs as a result of resorption of toxins from saprophytic bacteria that enter the birth canal during parturition and puerperium, and the disintegrated products of the fetus, placenta and uterine contents. Inflammations that can occur during puerperium in the doe are called puerperal inflammations. In relation to their localization and distribution in the body, they may be local or general, and in terms of the type of pathogen and the disease they cause, they may be specific or nonspecific. The difference between puerperal intoxications and inflammation is the constant presence of fever during inflammation, and the more severe disorders of the general condition. Specific general puerperal infections are rare, but they are gaseous edema and tetanus against which goats can be vaccinated preventively. Puerperal hypocalcemia is a metabolic disorder caused by an insufficient supply of calcium and magnesium. Treatment of puerperal pathological conditions should be approached as early as possible, and the treatment, depending on the disease, may be local or symptomatic

Mating properties of male alpacas (Vicugna pacos, L.)

Alpake su pripitomljene životinje iz porodice deva koje potječu s južnoameričkih Anda. Fiziologija rasplođivanja alpaka se znatno razlikuje od nama poznatih domaćih životinja. Rasplodna sezona u Južnoj Americi traje tijekom kišne sezone, od prosinca do ožujka, dok se u Sjevernoj Americi pare čitave godine. Spolno su zreli u dobi od 1 do 3 godine. Kad mužjak ulazi u razdoblje spolne zrelosti, raste razina testosterona te nestaju adhezije između penisa i prepucija s kojima se mužjak rodio. Generacijski interval je relativno dug jer su mužjaci kasno zreli u odnosu na domaće preživače iste ili slične veličine. Gravidnost traje 11,5 mjeseci. Ponašanje prilikom parenja može se podijeliti na dva stadija: udvaranje i kopulacija. Udvaranje počinje kad mužjak pokaže interes za ženkom što može trajati samo nekoliko sekundi do prosječno 4 minute tj. najviše 10 minuta ako je ženka spremna za parenje. Stadij kopulacije započinje kad ženka zauzme stav za kopulaciju. Alpake se pare u ležećem sternalnom položaju, a sam akt traje oko 20 minuta u kojem mužjak ejakulira nekoliko puta. Na duljinu trajanja kopulacije utječe pasmina, starost, godišnje doba, učestalost parenja i prisutnost drugih ženki. Plodnost mužjaka alpake opada s brojem uzastopnih parenja. Pokušane su razne metode dobivanja sjemena, ali najuspješniji je način dobivanja s pomoću posebne umjetne vagine i drvenog fantoma (alpake u ležećem sternalnom položaju) presvučenog kožom alpake. Ejakulati su mliječne do kremasto- bijele boje, manjeg volumena, vrlo viskozni, a sadrže relativno nisku koncentraciju spermija. Spermiji postaju progresivno pokretljivi kad ejakulat postane tekuć, a to je u prosjeku oko 23 sata nakon dobivanja. Probleme kod rasplođivanja mužjaka alpaki čine način parenja, duljina trajanja kopulacije, intrauterino polaganje sjemena te karakteristike ejakulata.Alpacas are domesticated animals of the camelid family, originating from the South American Andes. The physiology of alpaca breeding is significantly different to that of common domestic animals. The breeding season in South America lasts during the rainy season, from December to March, while in North America, breeding takes place year round. When the male enters the period of sexual maturity, testosterone levels increase and adhesions between the penis and the prepuce (with which the male was born) disappear. The generational interval is relatively long, as males mature later than domestic ruminants of similar size, reaching puberty between the ages of 1 to 3 years. Gestation length is 11.5 months. Behaviour during mating can be divided into two stages: courtship and copulation. Courtship begins when a male shows interest for a female, which lasts on average 4 minutes, though this may range from several seconds to a maximum of 10 minutes if the female is ready to mate. The copulation stage begins when the female 42 takes the mating position. Mating is in sternal recumbency, and takes about 20 minutes, during which time the male ejaculates several times. The duration of copulation is dependent on the breed, age, season, frequency of mating, and the presence of other females. The fertility of the alpaca male decreases with the number of consecutive matings. Various methods have been used to collect semen, though the most successful method is using a special artificial vagina and wooden dummy (of a female in sternal recumbency) covered with an alpaca hide. The ejaculate is milky to creamy-white in colour, and has a low volume, is highly viscous, and contains a relatively low sperm concentration. Sperm becomes progressively motile as the ejaculate becomes liquid, on average about 23 hours after collection. Issues in the breeding of male alpacas include the manner of mating, duration of copulation, intrauterine deposits of semen and ejaculate properties