An Empirical Study to Evaluate the Impact of Ethical Leadership on Organizational Citizenship and Innovative Behavior: Mediated by Psychological Empowerment at the Workplace: none

Purpose:This study aims to identify the impact of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior and innovative behavior Methodology:The self-explanatory questionnaires were distributed to the real-time employees of the services sector (more specifically university employees) in Pakistan. 350 questionnaires were distributed using the convenience sampling technique and 280 returned fully answered. The response rate was 80 percent. Findings:The findings of the study suggest the strong influence of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior, innovative behavior, and psychological empowerment. Psychological empowerment was studied to have a strong impact on organizational citizenship behavior but a mild impact on innovative behavior. Partial mediation was identified between both the mediation paths of the model. i.e., ethical leadership - organizational citizenship (EL → PE → OCB) and ethical leadership – innovative behavior (EL → PE → IB). Conclusion:It is concluded that organizations must develop ethical leadership approach to maximize the organizational citizenship behavior as well as innovative behavior at the workplace. Moreover, it is also suggested that employers must also consider PE as an essential predictor for developing a culture packed with better citizenship and innovative behavior. Practical Implications: The role of leaders in the services sector is significant to enable members to come up with innovative behaviour and behave more organized and well suited to the organizational culture to make sure they have adopted the hot spots of the organizational citizenship behavior standards at the workplace

Sampling plans designing with simulation when life time distributed the logistic distribution

Sampling design is a very important topic; it is the most efficient when it comes to costs and convenience. Time live distribution should be identified to give the best estimator of sampling plans. This research discuses designing sampling plans when life time follow logistic distribution, so we can use distribution parameters to calculate the required sample size and number of groups. This will enable us to decide to accepting or rejecting the whole lot. The findings of this research show the specific number of group and the specific size of these samples that give the lowest costs for accepting or rejecting the lot. Future research papers could be done on other distributions to investigate how sampling plans can be affected by distributing life time. Designing sequent and multiplied sampling plans can guarantee the decision of accepting or rejecting the lot through hiring the less numbers of groups and smallest size of the sample

Safety Measure Technique among Workers of Slaughtering Chicken Shops in Erbil City-Iraq

ABSTRACTBackgrounds: Precaution and safety measures are important for the workers, whom are dealing and slaughtering chicken or meat,Objectives: the oobjectives of this study is to identify knowledge and practices of workers regarding safety measures with slaughtering chicken, and identify association between some variables and safety measures.Methods: A descriptive study was carried out on 100 workers in the poultry sectors and slaughtering shops, standard questionnaire was used for data collection, an approval was taken from nursing college, and administrative arrangements was done from general health directorate and municipality office in Erbil, the study began in 1st July- 2015 to December 31st -12-2015 , SPSS program was used for data analysis by using descriptive and inferential statistical.Results: The study revealed that majority of sample study have poor knowledge and practices regarding safety measures used, and there is no significant association between most of demographic characteristics and safety measures, while there is significant association between years of experiences and safety measures used.Conclusion: The study indicated that the majority of the workers have poor knowledge and practices about safety measures, and there was significant association between years of experiences and safety measures.Recommendations: the study recommended to create program for training workers in poultry sectors by the cooperation with ministry of health and ministry of municipality to increase knowledge and risk perceptions and practices regarding safety measures use, monitoring and follow up the workplaces by the general directorate for health and municipality office, and regulation the working in this field by application laws and health certificate.Keywords: Safety measures, slaughtering, poultry, workers, Erbil city

Mothers Attitudes toward Non-Nutritive (Pacifier) Sucking Habits In Their Children

Objectives:The main objective of the present study is to assess the mother’s attitude toward pacifier habits in their children.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in primary health care center in Cherra-suburban Shekhon Sector in Musil Governorate/ Iraq from 30/ November /2011 to 1/May/2012. A convenience sample of 210 mothers with their children under the age of five years old was selected. Data were collected by the mothers' interview and analyzed by using the programmed through the application descriptive statistical frequency and percentage and inferential statistical analysis by Chi-square Test.Results: The present study shows that the majority of mother’s age were between (21-30) years old, most of them were housewives with low educational level  .High prevalence using pacifier in this study  and  majority of themlku ( 64.4% ,123 ) were using pacifier for getting  quite sleeping to their children .There were highly significant association between (mother`s educational level, socio-economical status) with mother’s intervention used to stop sucking of pacifier at p –value ≤ 0.01.   Conclusion : Sucking habits had a high prevalence by mothers  in this study.Recommendation: The study recommends to provide information about safe and appropriate use of pacifiers   with guidance in all primary health care centers to increase parents’ awareness toward pacifier.Keywords: Sucking, pacifier, mother, Scio –economic status, educatio

Cardiovascular and hormonal responses to static handgrip in young and older healthy men

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age on cardiovascular changes and plasma concentrations of adrenomedullin (ADM), catecholamines, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and plasma renin activity (PRA) in healthy men. A total of 15 young (21 ± 0.3 years) and 15 older (64 ± 0.7 years) healthy men performed two 3-min bouts of static handgrip at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, alternately with each hand without any break between the bouts. During exercise heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), stroke volume (SV) and pre-ejection period (PEP) and left ventricle ejection time (LVET) were measured. Blood samples were taken before exercise, at the end of both exercise bouts and in the fifth minute of the recovery period. The handgrip-induced increases in HR and cardiac output were significantly smaller in older than in young men (p < 0.01). SV decreased only in older men (p < 0.001). There were no differences between groups in BP increases. The baseline plasma ADM and catecholamines were higher in older man compared to young subjects. Handgrip caused increases in plasma ADM, ET-1 and PRA only in older men (p < 0.05). The increases in plasma ADM correlated positively with those of noradrenaline (NA), PRA, ET-1 and LVET and negatively with changes in total peripheral resistance (TPR), SV, PEP and PEP/LVET ratio. The increases in plasma ET-1 correlated positively with those of NA, PRA, TPR, mean BP and SV. These results revealed that ADM, ET-1 and angiotensin II can contribute to maintain vascular tone during static exercise in older but not in younger men

Gene Expression Profiling of Preovulatory Follicle in the Buffalo Cow: Effects of Increased IGF-I Concentration on Periovulatory Events

The preovulatory follicle in response to gonadotropin surge undergoes dramatic biochemical, and morphological changes orchestrated by expression changes in hundreds of genes. Employing well characterized bovine preovulatory follicle model, granulosa cells (GCs) and follicle wall were collected from the preovulatory follicle before, 1, 10 and 22 h post peak LH surge. Microarray analysis performed on GCs revealed that 450 and 111 genes were differentially expressed at 1 and 22 h post peak LH surge, respectively. For validation, qPCR and immunocytochemistry analyses were carried out for some of the differentially expressed genes. Expression analysis of many of these genes showed distinct expression patterns in GCs and the follicle wall. To study molecular functions and genetic networks, microarray data was analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis which revealed majority of the differentially expressed genes to cluster within processes like steroidogenesis, cell survival and cell differentiation. In the ovarian follicle, IGF-I is established to be an important regulator of the above mentioned molecular functions. Thus, further experiments were conducted to verify the effects of increased intrafollicular IGF-I levels on the expression of genes associated with the above mentioned processes. For this purpose, buffalo cows were administered with exogenous bGH to transiently increase circulating and intrafollicular concentrations of IGF-I. The results indicated that increased intrafollicular concentrations of IGF-I caused changes in expression of genes associated with steroidogenesis (StAR, SRF) and apoptosis (BCL-2, FKHR, PAWR). These results taken together suggest that onset of gonadotropin surge triggers activation of various biological pathways and that the effects of growth factors and peptides on gonadotropin actions could be examined during preovulatory follicle development

ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations

Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients