Emancipated into Illness

None provided.http://www.chronicle.com/article/Emancipated-Into-Illness/132043

Sick from Freedom: The Untold Story of a Smallpox Epidemic Among Formerly Enslaved People

Emancipated from slavery, former bondspeople entered into an environment in which more soldiers died from disease than from battle. This talk explores the high rate of illness and mortality that devastated formerly enslaved people during the Civil War and Reconstruction. In particular, it provides the first analysis of the smallpox epidemic that began in Washington, DC in 1862 and then spread to the Lower South in 1863 and Mississippi Valley in 1864-65. By 1865, the epidemic plagued the entire South and began to move west and infected Native Americans on reservations. Due to the unexpected and inordinate mortality, the federal government in an unprecedented move established the first-ever system of national health care in the South--establishing over 40 hospitals, employing over 120 physicians and treating well-over one million freedpeople. Jim Downs is the Gilder Lehrman-National Endowment for the Humanities Professor of Civil War Era Studies and History. He is the author of Sick From Freedom: African American Sickness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction (Oxford UP, 2012), Stand By Me: The Forgotten History of Gay Liberation (Basic Books, 2016) and Maladies of Empire: How Colonialism, Slavery, and War Transformed Medicine (Harvard UP, 2021) which has been translated into Chinese, French, Korean, Japanese, and Russian.https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/rdavidson/1009/thumbnail.jp

Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household

Understanding the Plantation Household In Out of the House of Bondage, Thavolia Glymph persuasively demonstrates how the plantation house was a political space, where enslaved women and white women battled over the meanings of labor and autonomy during slavery and then over the def...

Prospectus, February 21, 1969

SG DEMANDS CODE REVISION; Students Grumble At Code; Letter Sent To Staerkel Tells Student Opinion; Readerspeak; Supersnake; Black Rap; Science, Music Interest PC Biology Instructor; BSA Demands Are Answered By Staerkel; Ask Minerva; Spring Means Formal Plans; Phi Beta Lamda Has Casino Night; BSA Style Show; Spoon River; The Martyr; Literary Magazine Dumped; They\u27re All Dead; Cold-Shooting Parkland Tumbles To Olney, 59-47; Bigler Talks, New Manager Is Needed; Regional Next For PC; White Wins FT Contest; Bulletin; Spoon River Flows Past Cobras; 36\u27ers Hot, Three Teams Still On Top; Cobras Or \u27Toppers?\u27 Battle Resumes Again; E.I.U. Drops Cobras In OT, 75-70; PC Cheerleaders Are Impressivehttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1969/1011/thumbnail.jp

Hypertension, kidney disease, HIV and antiretroviral therapy among Tanzanian adults: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The epidemics of HIV and hypertension are converging in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to antiretroviral therapy (ART), more HIV-infected adults are living longer and gaining weight, putting them at greater risk for hypertension and kidney disease. The relationship between hypertension, kidney disease and long-term ART among African adults, though, remains poorly defined. Therefore, we determined the prevalences of hypertension and kidney disease in HIV-infected adults (ART-naive and on ART >2 years) compared to HIV-negative adults. We hypothesized that there would be a higher hypertension prevalence among HIV-infected adults on ART, even after adjusting for age and adiposity. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted between October 2012 and April 2013, consecutive adults (>18 years old) attending an HIV clinic in Tanzania were enrolled in three groups: 1) HIV-negative controls, 2) HIV-infected, ART-naive, and 3) HIV-infected on ART for >2 years. The main study outcomes were hypertension and kidney disease (both defined by international guidelines). We compared hypertension prevalence between each HIV group versus the control group by Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was used to determine if differences in hypertension prevalence were fully explained by confounding. RESULTS: Among HIV-negative adults, 25/153 (16.3%) had hypertension (similar to recent community survey data). HIV-infected adults on ART had a higher prevalence of hypertension (43/150 (28.7%), P = 0.01) and a higher odds of hypertension even after adjustment (odds ratio (OR) = 2.19 (1.18 to 4.05), P = 0.01 in the best model). HIV-infected, ART-naive adults had a lower prevalence of hypertension (8/151 (5.3%), P = 0.003) and a lower odds of hypertension after adjustment (OR= 0.35 (0.15 to 0.84), P = 0.02 in the best model). Awareness of hypertension was ≤ 25% among hypertensive adults in all three groups. Kidney disease was common in all three groups (25.6% to 41.3%) and strongly associated with hypertension (P 2 years had two-fold greater odds of hypertension than HIV-negative controls. HIV-infected adults with hypertension were rarely aware of their diagnosis but often have evidence of kidney disease. Intensive hypertension screening and education are needed in HIV-clinics in sub-Saharan Africa. Further studies should determine if chronic, dysregulated inflammation may accelerate hypertension in this population

Prospectus, February 7, 1969

CAMPUS HAS NATURAL LOOK -- WILL BE COMPLETED BY 1975, STUDENTS MOVE IN BY 1971; Black Rap; Readerspeak; Supersnake; Plato Hook-Up at PC; Ask Charlie Brown; SG Charters Clubs, Approves Cap, Gown; Student Guides Needed; BSA Gets New Dean; Jobs Open at Parkland; Mrs. Scott For Equality at PC; Visit From Blackburn Counselor; Feels Close to Students; Parkland Theater Now in First Production; Student Reporters Evicted From Faculty Association; Dietz, Lehnis Stop Cobras; Two Prodigals Reinstated on Basketball Team; Parkland Shoots .539 in Clipping Olney JC; Kays Forfeit, Canton Next; Druts, Lobos and Cougars Tied at 2-0; Parkland Drops 9th, Millikin Wins 102-87https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1969/1012/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, March 31, 1969

PROSPECTUS X-RAYS PC; New Clubs On Campus; Getting Too Drafty?; Urges Activities Through Media; IOC Formed; Blind; Editors\u27 Column; Black Rap; PC Polled Again: Students Ask For Culture; Literary Mag. Much-Needed Facet Of PC; Around Parkland College:; Auto-Farm Tech Club in Planning; Refresher Course, For RN\u27s; Lit Mag Finally Okayed; Scholarship For JC Students; Louis Lomax Speaks At PC; Parkland: What Is And What Will Be; Self Contained Unit; Photo Essay By Lou McClellan; Reporters Allowed To Sit With Faculty; Board Cuts Campus Cost With Clay File; Ask Minerva; 8 SG Posts Now Open; Fort To Speak; Town; A Chance To Inovate; Miss Snyder - \u27Best Decorated\u27; Counselors\u27 Corner...; Council For Interracial Projects; On April Fool\u27s Day: Faculty Vs. All-Stars; Boris Karloff is Dead, Frankenstein is Gone; Druts Win Championship; Four Sports In Spring Intramuralshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1969/1009/thumbnail.jp

Short-term and long-term cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome and HIV in Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE: To compare short-term and long-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected adults receiving and not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) to HIV-negative controls. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 151 HIV-infected, ART-naive, 150 HIV-infected on ART and 153 HIV-negative adults. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were determined by standard investigations. The primary outcome was American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) Risk Estimator lifetime CVD risk score. Secondary outcomes were ASCVD 10-year risk, Framingham risk scores, statin indication and metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: Compared with HIV-negative controls, more HIV-infected adults on ART were classified as high lifetime CVD risk (34.7% vs 17.0%, p<0.001) although 10-year risk scores were similar, a trend which was similar across multiple CVD risk models. In addition, HIV-infected adults on ART had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome versus HIV-negative controls (21.3% vs 7.8%, p=0.008), with two common clusters of risk factors. More than one-quarter (28.7%) of HIV-infected Tanzanian adults on ART meet criteria for statin initiation. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected ART-treated individuals have high lifetime cardiovascular risk, and this risk seems to develop rapidly in the first 3-4 years of ART as does the development of clusters of metabolic syndrome criteria. These data identify a new subgroup of low short-term/high-lifetime risk HIV-infected individuals on ART who do not currently meet criteria for CVD risk factor modification but require further study

Prospectus, March 7, 1969

SPOON RIVER TRIUMPHS; 3 Teachers Exhibit; PC Board Meets, Students Get Voice; PSA; Editors\u27 Column; Readerspeak; Supersnake; Wild In The Streets; Finally Found; Volger Stresses Self-Improvement; Counselors\u27 Corner…; Scholarships For Librarians Offered; Creative Writer\u27s Workshop; Tea Party; Re: life after death; Sterile Like Ink; For Lainie; on self immolation in washington d.c.; a roomful of women; Open House; SG Passes Rights & Freedoms; Allerton Committee Asks For PC Action; Inner Organization Council Formed; Agriculture Club Formed At PC; Start Ski Club For PC Students; Junior Colleges Crowded; Nurses Form New Organization; Hilltoppers Lose Regional Game; Ask Minerva; Heartbreaker For PC Cobras; Cobras Score High In Performance; Druts Remain Undefeated; Award Of The Year; IM All-Star Team To Playhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1969/1010/thumbnail.jp

Bimodal distribution and set point HBV DNA viral loads in chronic infection:retrospective analysis of cohorts from the UK and South Africa

CITATION: Downs, L. O. 2020. Bimodal distribution and set point HBV DNA viral loads in chronic infection : retrospective analysis of cohorts from the UK and South Africa. Wellcome Open Research, 14(5):113, doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15941.2.The original publication is available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govENGLISH ABSTRACT: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral load (VL) is used as a biomarker to assess risk of disease progression, and to determine eligibility for treatment. While there is a well recognised association between VL and the expression of the viral e-antigen protein, the distributions of VL at a population level are not well described. We here present cross-sectional, observational HBV VL data from two large population cohorts in the UK and in South Africa, demonstrating a consistent bimodal distribution. The right skewed distribution and low median viral loads are different from the left-skew and higher viraemia in seen in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) cohorts in the same settings. Using longitudinal data, we present evidence for a stable 'set-point' VL in peripheral blood during chronic HBV infection. These results are important to underpin improved understanding of HBV biology, to inform approaches to viral sequencing, and to plan public health interventions.Publisher's versio