28 research outputs found
Comment favoriser le don d'organes et de tissus : un enjeu pour les professionnels de la santé
Le manque de rĂ©fĂ©rence des donneurs potentiels dâorganes et de tissus humains par les professionnels de la santĂ© sâexplique par des problĂšmes dâidentification des donneurs potentiels, dâapproche des familles et de rĂ©fĂ©rence aux organismes responsables du don. Cette thĂšse Ă©tudiait les interventions auprĂšs des professionnels de la santĂ© favorisant la rĂ©fĂ©rence de donneurs potentiels. Dâabord, une revue systĂ©matique a identifiĂ© les interventions auprĂšs des professionnels de la santĂ© et analysĂ© leur efficacitĂ© Ă promouvoir les pratiques professionnelles favorisant le don dans les milieux cliniques. Quinze Ă©tudes ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es. Les interventions retenues Ă©taient de nature Ă©ducative ou organisationnelle, mais aucune ne faisait rĂ©fĂ©rence Ă un cadre thĂ©orique. La stratĂ©gie de changement de comportement la plus frĂ©quente Ă©tait de fournir de lâinformation sur le processus du don. Toutefois, il Ă©tait impossible dâĂ©tablir lâefficience dâune intervention en raison de lacunes mĂ©thodologiques, dâĂ©chantillons mal dĂ©finis ou de dĂ©tails manquants sur les interventions ou leur Ă©valuation. ConsĂ©quemment, une intervention basĂ©e sur la stratĂ©gie dâactivation des intentions (questionnaire invitant les infirmiĂšres Ă planifier une action spĂ©cifique face aux barriĂšres Ă rĂ©fĂ©rer des donneurs potentiels de globes oculaires aux intervenants responsables du don) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e et Ă©valuĂ©e par un essai clinique randomisĂ© en grappes auprĂšs de 26 unitĂ©s de soins dans cinq hĂŽpitaux rĂ©parties dans les groupes expĂ©rimental et tĂ©moin. Le taux de rĂ©fĂ©rence de donneurs de globes oculaires a Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ© dans chaque unitĂ© de soins, six mois avant lâintervention et trois mois aprĂšs. LâĂ©tude nâa pas pu dĂ©montrer dâaugmentation des taux de rĂ©fĂ©rence (x2=1.14, 2; p=0.56). La pĂ©riode de suivi post intervention ayant Ă©tĂ© rĂ©duite de moitiĂ© par lâimplantation dâune nouvelle Loi obligeant la rĂ©fĂ©rence de tout donneur potentiel par les centres hospitaliers, une Ă©valuation de lâimpact de cette loi sur les taux de rĂ©fĂ©rence a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e. Le taux de rĂ©fĂ©rence de globes oculaires nâa pas augmentĂ© aprĂšs lâimplantation de la nouvelle lĂ©gislation (x2=0.01, p=0.93). Divers problĂšmes dont le processus de suivi pour le dĂ©veloppement de la Loi et la stratĂ©gie dâimplantation seraient responsables de cette absence dâaugmentation.The lack of reference of potential organ and tissue donors by health professionals results from potential donor identification issues, concerns when approaching families for consent and lack of notification to organ procurement representatives. This thesis studied interventions towards healthcare professionals to increase potential donor notification. First, a systematic review was designed to identify and analyze the impact of interventions aimed at health professionals to improve donation-promoting professional practices in clinical settings. A total of 15 studies were identified. Interventions were either educational, organizational or a combination of both, and had a weak theoretical basis. The most common behaviour change technique was providing instruction on the donation process. However, it was not possible to establish whether an intervention was efficient due to methodological flaws, poorly described samples or the lack of details on the content of the interventions and evaluation. Therefore, a questionnaire-based implementation intentions intervention (asking nurses to plan specific actions if faced with a number of barriers when reporting potential ocular donors) was developed and assessed through a randomized study clustered at the level of hospital departments. Twenty-six departments from five hospitals participated in this trial. The primary outcome was the potential ocular tissue donorsâ notification rate before and after the intervention. Potential and achieved numbers of ocular tissue donors were evaluated six months before and three months after the intervention The study could not demonstrate a significant increase in the rate of ocular tissue donors (x2=1.14, 2; p=0.56). The follow-up period had to be shortened because the Ministry of Health introduced a legislative change making notification of all potential donors to donation stakeholders mandatory in clinical settings. The effectiveness of this new regulation on the potential ocular tissue donor notification rate in clinical settings was assessed. The notification rate of ocular tissue donors did not increase significantly after legislative changes (x2=0.01, p=0.93). Policy formulation and policy implementation issues are two possible reasons for this failure
Using field notes to evaluate competencies in family medicine training: a study of predictors of intention
Background: Documenting feedback during clinical supervision using field notes (FN) is a recommended competency-based evaluation strategy that will require changes in the culture of medical education. This study identified factors influencing the intention to adopt FN in family medicine training, using the theory of planned behaviour.Methods: This mixed-methods study involved clinical teachers (CT) and residents from two family medicine units. Main outcomes were: 1) intention (and its predictors: attitude, perceived behavioural control (PBC) and normative belief) to use FN, assessed using a 7-item Likert scale questionnaire (1: strongly disagree to 7: strongly agree) and 2) related salient beliefs, explored in focus groups three and six months after FN implementation. Results: 27 CT and 28 residents participated. Intention to use FN was 6.20±1.20 and 5.74±1.03 in CT and residents respectively. Predictors of this intention were attitude and PBC (mutually influential: p = 0.04), and normative belief (p = 0.007). Focus groups identified underlying beliefs regarding their use (perceived advantages/disadvantages and facilitators/barriers). Conclusion: Intention to adopt field notes to document competency is influenced by attitude, perceived behavioural control and normative belief. Implementation of field notes should be preceded by interventions that target the identified salient beliefs to improve this competency-based evaluation strategy
Correlates of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among adolescents
Objective: To identify correlates and underlying beliefs regarding the adolescentsâ intention to abstain from consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the consumption of â€1 daily portion of SSB. Design: Correlational study. Setting: Region of ChaudiĂšre-Appalaches in the province of Quebec, Canada. Participants: 311 adolescents aged 13â18 years completed a self-administrated online questionnaire based on the Reasoned Action Approach. Frequency and quantity of different types of SSB within the past month were measured. Results: Total mean SSB intake was 882·6 ml/d (654·0 kJ/d ). Only 11·3 % abstained from SSB within the last month. Intention to abstain from SSB was explained by identification as SSB abstainers ( ÎČ = 0·47), perceived norm ( ÎČ = 0·32), attitude ( ÎČ = 0·30), age 13â14 years ( ÎČ = â0·27) and perception of the school environment ( ÎČ = 0·14), which explained 66 % of the variance. Consumption of â€1 daily portion of SSB was explained by the intention to abstain (OR = 1·55; 95 % CI 1·14, 2·11), perceived behavioural control to abstain (OR = 1·80; 95 % CI 1·29, 2·52), sex (girls v. boys: OR = 2·34; 95 % CI 1·37, 3·98) and socio-economic status (advantaged v. disadvantaged school: OR = 2·08; 95 % CI 1·21, 3·56). Underlying beliefs (i.e. more energy, decreased risk of addiction and friendsâ approval) associated with intention as well as perceived barriers (e.g. access to SSB, after an activity that makes you thirsty), and facilitating factors (e.g. access to water) linked to SSB consumption were identified. Conclusions: The results can inform public health interventions to decrease SSB consumption and their associated health problems among adolescents
Lâimpact des approches pĂ©dagogiques inclusives dans les programmes de baccalaurĂ©at en sciences infirmiĂšres : une revue systĂ©matique ; Rapport final: synthĂšse de connaissances Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines du Canada
Au cours de la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie, le nombre dâĂ©tudiants universitaires en situation dâaccommodation ou de handicap nâa cessĂ© dâaugmenter. Il est dĂ©montrĂ© Ă lâinternational quâenviron 6,5% des Ă©tudiants au baccalaurĂ©at inscrits Ă temps plein et 3,5% de ceux inscrits Ă temps partiel ont des handicaps ou requiĂšrent des accommodations. Les programmes universitaires en sciences de la santĂ© ne font pas exception Ă cette croissance dâĂ©tudiants en situation de handicap. Afin dâassurer la rĂ©ussite globale du plus grand nombre dâĂ©tudiants, certains programmes universitaires en sciences infirmiĂšres ont optĂ© pour lâintĂ©gration dâune approche inclusive dans le dĂ©veloppement des cours ou des activitĂ©s de formation. Toutefois, les stratĂ©gies dâenseignement et dâĂ©valuation pouvant sâinscrire dans une perspective dâapproche inclusive ne sont pas clairement rĂ©pertoriĂ©es. Cette revue systĂ©matique mixte visait Ă Ă©valuer lâimpact des stratĂ©gies dâenseignement, dâapprentissage et dâĂ©valuation favorisant une approche inclusive des Ă©tudiants dans des programmes de sciences infirmiĂšres. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, cette synthĂšse de connaissances visait Ă rĂ©pondre aux questions suivantes : quelles sont les stratĂ©gies dâenseignement, dâapprentissage et dâĂ©valuation favorisant une approche inclusive dans les divers programmes de baccalaurĂ©at en sciences infirmiĂšres? Quels sont les rĂ©sultats de lâĂ©valuation de ces stratĂ©gies inclusives sur le plan des contextes, ressources, processus et impacts sur les Ă©tudiants des programmes de baccalaurĂ©at en sciences infirmiĂšres? Cette synthĂšse suit un devis de revue systĂ©matique mixte selon lâapproche de la Collaboration Cochrane. Les bases de donnĂ©es Education Source, ERIC, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, et PsyINFO ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es jusquâen mars 2017. La stratĂ©gie de recherche Ă©tait basĂ©e sur les catĂ©gories suivantes : 1) Ă©tudiants en sciences infirmiĂšres; 2) troubles dâapprentissage et handicap; et 3) stratĂ©gies dâenseignement, dâapprentissage et dâĂ©valuation inclusives. Cette stratĂ©gie de recherche fut adaptĂ©e en fonction du vocabulaire des diffĂ©rentes bases de donnĂ©es. La qualitĂ© mĂ©thodologique des Ă©tudes quantitatives, qualitatives ou mixtes retenues a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e Ă lâaide du Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) (Pluye & al., 2009). Les Ă©tudes retenues ont Ă©tĂ© extraites suivant les critĂšres de lâĂ©noncĂ© PRISMA. Une grille dâextraction a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e suivant les recommandations pour Ă©valuer les interventions Ă©ducatives mĂ©dicales, les Lignes directrices de la Conception Universelle dâApprentissage, les modĂšles dâĂ©valuation de programme. Une analyse descriptive des Ă©tudes retenues a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e, de mĂȘme quâune analyse descriptive de lâĂ©valuation des stratĂ©gies inclusives en termes de contexte, ressources, processus et impacts sur la capacitĂ© de rĂ©ussite des Ă©tudiants. La synthĂšse de connaissances a permis dâidentifier 56 Ă©tudes favorisant des stratĂ©gies inclusives dans un programme de formation universitaire de baccalaurĂ©at en sciences infirmiĂšres. Les interventions retenues portaient principalement sur des activitĂ©s dâapprentissage ou dâenseignement inclusives, et trĂšs peu sur des activitĂ©s dâĂ©valuation. Les activitĂ©s les plus frĂ©quentes Ă©taient lâutilisation d'ateliers de formation (n = 13), lâutilisation de capsules vidĂ©o ou dâexercices en ligne (n = 9), des stratĂ©gies de gestion du stress et de pratique rĂ©flexive (n = 7), et les stratĂ©gies de mentorat et de tutorat par les professeurs ou entre les pairs (n = 27). Lâutilisation de technologies et dâenvironnements numĂ©riques Ă©tait peu exploitĂ©e dans le dĂ©veloppement de stratĂ©gies inclusives dans des programmes de baccalaurĂ©at en sciences infirmiĂšres. Uniquement 20 Ă©tudes retenues ont fait usage de technologies ou dâenvironnement numĂ©riques pour intĂ©grer dans leur programme des cours, capsules vidĂ©os et tutoriels en ligne, de mĂȘme que des exercices et des Ă©valuations Ă distance. Les stratĂ©gies dâapprentissage et dâĂ©valuation inclusives rapportĂ©es dans les Ă©tudes sont similaires Ă celles recommandĂ©es pour le dĂ©veloppement dâapprentissage dans les maisons dâenseignement de niveau primaire et secondaire, des programmes de formation aux adultes et autres programmes en sciences de la santĂ©. Ces stratĂ©gies sont en cohĂ©rence avec lâapproche inclusive qui prĂ©conise lâintĂ©gration dâune plus grande diversitĂ© de mĂ©thodes dâenseignement et dâĂ©valuation pour rĂ©pondre aux diffĂ©rents besoins et styles dâapprentissages des Ă©tudiants et par le fait mĂȘme soutenir leur autonomie, leur engagement et leur motivation dans leur formation. Les Ă©tudes retenues ont dĂ©montrĂ© lâimpact de leurs interventions au niveau du produit, soit au niveau de lâapprĂ©ciation des Ă©tudiants (n =39) et au niveau des apprentissages ou de la rĂ©ussite des Ă©tudiants (n=45). Ces stratĂ©gies ont dĂ©montrĂ© une amĂ©lioration de la confiance des Ă©tudiants, une amĂ©lioration de leur habiletĂ©, une augmentation du taux de rĂ©ussite Ă lâexamen dâadmission Ă la profession, ainsi quâune diminution de lâattrition des Ă©tudiants dans des programmes de sciences infirmiĂšres. Toutefois, il est impossible dâĂ©tablir avec certitude lâefficience des diffĂ©rentes interventions en raison de lacunes mĂ©thodologiques, dâĂ©chantillons mal dĂ©finis ou de dĂ©tails manquants sur les interventions ou leur mĂ©thode dâĂ©valuation. Un plan de mobilisation structurĂ©e fournissant aux parties prenantes les renseignements nĂ©cessaires Ă une appropriation productive est prĂ©vu pour faire connaĂźtre la recherche. Ce plan inclut : âą Le dĂ©pĂŽt dâun rapport soumis au CRSH aux directrices de programme en sciences infirmiĂšres de lâUniversitĂ© Laval; âą Une prĂ©sentation de ce rapport aux diffĂ©rentes directrices de programme en sciences de la santĂ© Ă lâUniversitĂ© Laval; âą Une prĂ©sentation des rĂ©sultats de cette synthĂšse de connaissances Ă la FacultĂ© de mĂ©decine de lâUniversitĂ© de Sherbrooke; âą La rĂ©daction dâau moins article scientifique et dâun article de revue professionnelle qui porteront sur les connaissances et avancĂ©es issues de la recherche dans une revue pertinente Ă accĂšs libre et ciblant un large lectorat; âą La prĂ©sentation dans les diffĂ©rents rĂ©seaux : Chaire de leadership en enseignement en pĂ©dagogie des sciences de la santĂ© Association mĂ©dicale du QuĂ©bec â Association mĂ©dicale du Canada â Gestion financiĂšre MD, les rĂ©seaux auxquels les membres de lâĂ©quipe appartiennent (Knowledge Translation Canada, RĂ©seaux de recherche en intervention en sciences infirmiĂšres du QuĂ©bec, les sites Internet de la FacultĂ© des sciences infirmiĂšres et de la Chaire de leadership en pĂ©dagogie des sciences de la santĂ©, etc.; âą La prĂ©sentation des rĂ©sultats dans une confĂ©rence de lâAssociation canadienne des Ă©coles de sciences infirmiĂšres. En dĂ©finitive, il existe un large Ă©ventail dâĂ©tudes Ă©valuant les stratĂ©gies dâapprentissage et dâĂ©valuation qui favorisent une approche inclusive auprĂšs des Ă©tudiants de programme de formation universitaire en sciences infirmiĂšres. Ces Ă©tudes font principalement Ă©tat dâune grande diversitĂ© de mĂ©thodes dâenseignement pour rĂ©pondre au besoin dâinclusion des Ă©tudiants. ConsidĂ©rant les lacunes et diversitĂ©s mĂ©thodologiques de ces Ă©tudes, il demeure impossible dâassurer une Ă©valuation valable des interventions inclusives. De futures recherches en Ă©ducation inclusive devraient cibler des approches mĂ©thodologiques et dâĂ©valuation plus rigoureuses pour amĂ©liorer les programmes de formation et, ultimement, favoriser la participation des Ă©tudiants avec handicap Ă une sociĂ©tĂ© inclusive et diversifiĂ©e.Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines du Canad
Identification des dĂ©terminants de lâintention des infirmiĂšres dâexercer la surveillance clinique lors du pic dâaction des opioĂŻdes sous-cutanĂ©s auprĂšs dâadultes hospitalisĂ©s
Introduction : Lâadministration dâopioĂŻdes par voie sous-cutanĂ©e peut occasionner des Ă©pisodes de dĂ©pression respiratoire menant Ă des dĂ©cĂšs Ă©vitables. GrĂące Ă leur efficacitĂ©, les opioĂŻdes demeurent la thĂ©rapie de premier choix pour le soulagement de la douleur modĂ©rĂ©e Ă sĂ©vĂšre. Cependant, de plus en plus dâusagers prĂ©sentent un ou plusieurs facteurs de risque de dĂ©pression respiratoire qui justifient une surveillance clinique adaptĂ©e Ă leur condition. Pour assurer une surveillance sĂ©curitaire des usagers, des lignes directrices professionnelles doublĂ©es de mesures organisationnelles sous forme de directives et protocoles de surveillance infirmiĂšre ont Ă©tĂ© instaurĂ©es. La surveillance clinique demeure toutefois inadĂ©quate, nous permettant de supposer quâil existe, au-delĂ des Ă©lĂ©ments organisationnels, des dĂ©terminants individuels influençant la surveillance infirmiĂšre. Objectif : Identifier les dĂ©terminants de lâintention des infirmiĂšres dâexercer la surveillance clinique lors du pic dâaction des opioĂŻdes sous-cutanĂ©s auprĂšs dâadultes hospitalisĂ©s. MĂ©thodes : Ătude corrĂ©lationnelle prĂ©dictive auprĂšs dâinfirmiĂšres dâunitĂ©s de chirurgie et mĂ©decine (n = 104) dâun Ă©tablissement de santĂ© quĂ©bĂ©cois par le biais dâun questionnaire auto-rapportĂ©. Des rĂ©gressions multiples ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es pour identifier les dĂ©terminants associĂ©s Ă lâintention dâadopter le comportement souhaitĂ©. RĂ©sultats : La perception de contrĂŽle et la norme professionnelle ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme Ă©tant les principaux dĂ©terminants de lâintention des infirmiĂšres Ă exercer une surveillance lors du pic dâaction des opioĂŻdes. Discussion et conclusion : Par lâidentification des dĂ©terminants individuels les plus susceptibles dâexpliquer lâintention dâexercer une surveillance adaptĂ©e lors du pic dâaction des opioĂŻdes, cette Ă©tude permet de cibler des pistes dâintervention en matiĂšre de sĂ©curitĂ© clinique.Introduction: Subcutaneous administration of opioids may cause episodes of respiratory depression leading to preventable deaths. Due to their efficacy, opioids remain the first-choice therapy for the relief of moderate to acute pain. However, more and more inpatients have one or more risk factors for respiratory depression that justifies clinical surveillance adapted to their condition. To ensure safe monitoring of inpatients, professional guidelines, coupled with organizational measures in the form of guidelines and nurse monitoring protocols, have been introduced. Despite the action taken, clinical surveillance remains inadequate, allowing us to assume that there are, beyond the organizational elements, individual determinants influencing nurse supervision. Objective: Identify the determinants of the intention of nurses to conduct clinical surveillance of adults in hospital during the peak action of subcutaneous opioids. Methods: Predictive correlational study among nurses of surgical and medicine units of a Quebec health facility (n = 104) through a self-reported questionnaire. Multiple regressions were carried out to identify the determinants associated with the intention to perform the desired behaviour. Results: Perceived control and professional standards have been identified as the key determinants of nursesâ intention to perform clinical surveillance associated with opioid at the time of peak effect. Discussion and conclusion: By identifying the individual determinants most likely to explain the intention to exercise appropriate surveillance at the peak of opioid action, this study helps to target clinical safety interventions
Como o instrumento Nursing Activities Score tem sido utilizado na prĂĄtica clĂnica: revisĂŁo integrativa
Objetivo Analisar como os estudos tĂȘm abordado os resultados obtidos com a aplicação do Nursing Acivities Score (NAS) na perspectiva de organização do cuidado em saĂșde, de acordo com o modelo de Donabedian. MĂ©todo A pesquisa bibliogrĂĄfica foi realizada a partir das bases de dados CINAHL e PubMed, no perĂodo compreendido entre 2003 e março de 2015. Os 36 artigos incluĂdos foram revisados e codificados duplamente por trĂȘs avaliadores independentes e analisados Ă luz dos trĂȘs elementos do modelo de qualidade de cuidados de saĂșde: Estrutura, Processo e Resultado. Resultados As variĂĄveis relacionadas Ă Estrutura foram as mais frequentes, mas nem sempre foram testadas em relação ao NAS. AlĂ©m do NAS variĂĄveis relativas ao Processo foram menos utilizadas. No que concerne Ă etapa Resultado, as variĂĄveis mortalidade e tempo de hospitalização foram as mais comuns. ConclusĂŁo Nenhum estudo testou a hipĂłteses sob a perspectiva de um modelo de cuidados de saĂșde, assim como de custos, uma abordagem que deve ser explorada em estudos posteriores.Objective analyze how studies have approached the results obtained from the application of the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) based on Donabedianâs model of healthcare organization and delivery. Method CINAHL and PubMed databases were searched for papers published between 2003 and March 2015. Results 36 articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed and double-coded by three independent coders and analyzed based on the three elements of Donabedianâs health care quality framework: structure, process and outcome. The most frequently addressed, but not always tested, variables were those that fell into the structure category. Conclusion variables that fell into the process category were used less frequently. Beside NAS, the most frequently used variables in the outcome category were mortality and length of stay. However, no study used a quality framework for healthcare or NAS to evaluate costs, and it is recommended that further research should explore this approach.Objetivo Analizar cĂłmo los estudios se han ocupado de los resultados obtenidos con la aplicaciĂłn del Nursing Acivities Score (NAS) en la perspectiva de organizaciĂłn de cuidados en salud, de acuerdo con el modelo de Donabedian. MĂ©todo Una bĂșsqueda bibliogrĂĄfica se realizĂł a partir de las bases de datos CINAHL y PubMed para el perĂodo entre 2003 y marzo de 2015. Resultados El 36 artĂculos retenidos fueron revisados y codificados en dos ocasiones por tres evaluadores independientes y analizados a la luz de los tres elementos del modelo de calidad cuidado de la salud de Donabedian: Estructura, Proceso y Resultado. ConclusiĂłn Las variables relacionadas con la Estructura fueron el mĂĄs comĂșn, pero no siempre se probaron para el NAS. AdĂ©mas del NAS, las variables relacionadas con el Proceso fueron menos recurrentes. En cuanto a la etapa de Resultado, las variables mortalidad y duraciĂłn de la estancia hospitalaria fueron los mĂĄs comunes. Sin embargo, ningĂșn estudio probĂł hipĂłtesis desde la perspectiva de un modelo de organisation de la atenciĂłn de salud, asĂ como de costos, un enfoque que debe ser explorado en estudios futuros
Low Weight Steel-Magnesium Composites Achieved by Powder Compaction
International audienceLow weight steel-magnesium composites with various volume fractions of Mg were achieved by a multi-step co-extrusion process. Hollow tubes filed with Mg powders were extruded, annealed, cut and restacked in hollow tubes before subsequent extrusion. This way, fully dense composites with various architectures and length scales were achieved. Microstructure observations revealed that both phases undergo an axisymmetric deformation in the early stage of the process. At higher extrusion ratio, Mg/Fe interfaces become wavy and irregular which is attributed to a strong crystallographic texture. In the as-extruded states, the composites exhibit peculiar elastic to plastic transition with an unusually high strain hardening. Tensile tests performed after annealing prove that this behavior is directly linked to large internal stresses