6 research outputs found
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Characterising gas behaviour during gas–liquid co-current up-flow in packed beds using magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques have been used to study gas phase dynamics during co-current up-flow in a column of inner diameter 43 mm, packed with spherical non-porous elements of diameters of 1.8, 3 and 5 mm. MR measurements of gas hold-up, bubble-size distribution, and bubble-rise velocities were made as a function of flow rate and packing size. Gas and liquid flow rates were studied in the range of 20–250 cm3 s−1 and 0–200 cm3 min−1, respectively. The gas hold-up within the beds was found to increase with gas flow rate, while decreasing with increasing packing size and to a lesser extent with increasing liquid flow rate. The gas hold-up can be separated into a dynamic gas hold-up, only weakly dependent on packing size and associated with bubbles rising up the bed, and a ‘static’ hold-up which refers to locations within the bed associated with temporally-invariant gas hold-up, over the measurement times of 512 s, associated either with gas trapped within the void structure of the bed or with gas channels within the bed. This ‘static’ gas hold-up is strongly dependent on packing size, showing an increase with decreasing packing size. The dynamic gas hold-up is comprised of small bubbles – of order of the packing size – which have rise velocities of 10–40 mm s−1 and which move between the packing elements within the bed, along with much larger bubbles, or agglomerates of bubbles, which move with higher rise velocities (100–300 mm s−1). These ‘larger’ bubbles, which may exist as streams of smaller bubbles or ‘amoeboid’ bubbles, behave as a single large bubble in terms of the observed high rise velocity. Elongation of the bubbles in the direction of flow was observed for all packings.We wish to thank ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co. and EPSRC Platform Grant (EP/F047991/1) for financial support.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.04.00
Understanding the Effects of Sample Preparation on the Chemical Structures of Petroleum Imaged with Non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy
This study addresses the effect of sample preparation
conditions on the structural integrity and composition of heavy hydrocarbon
mixtures imaged by non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM). We designed
and prepared a set of organic molecules mimicking well-accepted key
characteristics of heavy oil asphaltenes including molecular architecture, molecular
weight, boiling point, atomic H/C ratio and bond strength. We deliberately
focused on multi-core molecule structures with long aliphatic linkers as this
architecture was largely absent in previous nc-AFM studies of petroleum
samples. The results confirm that all these molecules can be successfully imaged
and remain intact under the same preparation conditions. Moreover, comparison
with ultra-high resolution FT ICR-MS of a steam-cracked tar asphaltene sample
suggests that the single molecules identified by nc-AFM span the entire
molecule spectrum of the bulk sample. Overall, these results suggest that
petroleum molecules within the scope of chosen molecules studied herein can be
prepared intact and without bias and the imaged data can be representative
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Characterizing aliphatic moieties in hydrocarbons with atomic force microscopy.
We designed and studied hydrocarbon model compounds by high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy. In addition to planar polycyclic aromatic moieties, these novel model compounds feature linear alkyl and cycloaliphatic motifs that exist in most hydrocarbon resources - particularly in petroleum asphaltenes and other petroleum fractions - or in lipids in biological samples. We demonstrate successful intact deposition by sublimation of the alkyl-aromatics, and differentiate aliphatic moieties from their aromatic counterparts which were generated from the former by atomic manipulation. The characterization by AFM in combination with atomic manipulation provides clear fingerprints of the aromatic and aliphatic moieties that will facilitate their assignment in a priori unknown samples
Characterizing aliphatic moieties in hydrocarbons with atomic force microscopy
We designed and studied hydrocarbon model compounds by high-resolution noncontact atomic force
microscopy. In addition to planar polycyclic aromatic moieties, these novel model compounds feature
linear alkyl and cycloaliphatic motifs that exist in most hydrocarbon resources – particularly in petroleum
asphaltenes and other petroleum fractions – or in lipids in biological samples. We demonstrate
successful intact deposition by sublimation of the alkyl-aromatics, and differentiate aliphatic moieties
from their aromatic counterparts which were generated from the former by atomic manipulation. The
characterization by AFM in combination with atomic manipulation provides clear fingerprints of the
aromatic and aliphatic moieties that will facilitate their assignment in a priori unknown samples.We thank Z. Majzik, R. Allenspach and S. P. Rucker for
discussions. We acknowledge financial support from the ERC
Grants CEMAS (agreement no. 291194) and AMSEL (682144),
the EU project PAMS (610446) and the Spanish Ministry of
Science and Competitiveness for financial support (MAT2013-
46593-C6-6-P)S
Determination of Structural Building Blocks in Heavy Petroleum Systems by Collision-Induced Dissociation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Collision-induced dissociation Fourier Transform ion
cyclotron
resonance mass spectrometry (CID-FTICR MS) was developed to determine
structural building blocks in heavy petroleum systems. Model compounds
with both single core and multicore configurations were synthesized
to study the fragmentation pattern and response factors in the CID
reactions. Dealkylation is found to be the most prevalent reaction
pathway in the CID. Single core molecules exhibit primarily molecular
weight reduction with no change in the total unsaturation of the molecule
(or <i>Z</i>-number as in chemical formula C<i><sub>c</sub></i>H<sub>2<i>c</i>+<i>Z</i></sub>N<sub><i>n</i></sub>S<i><sub>s</sub></i>O<sub><i>o</i></sub>VNi). On the other hand, molecules containing
more than one aromatic core will decompose into the constituting single
cores and consequently exhibit both molecular weight reduction and
change in <i>Z</i>-numbers. Biaryl linkage, C<sub>1</sub> linkage, and aromatic sulfide linkage cannot be broken down by CID
with lab collision energy up to 50 eV while C<sub>2</sub>+ alkyl linkages
can be easily broken. Naphthenic ring-openings were observed in CID,
leading to formation of olefinic structures. Heavy petroleum systems,
such as vacuum resid (VR) fractions, were characterized by the CID
technology. Both single-core and multicore structures were found in
VR. The latter is more prevalent in higher aromatic ring classes
Heavy Oil Based Mixtures of Different Origins and Treatments Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy
Heavy
oil molecular mixtures were investigated on the basis of
single molecules resolved by atomic force microscopy. The eight different
samples analyzed include asphaltenes and other heavy oil fractions
of different geographic/geologic origin and processing steps applied.
The collected AFM data of individual molecules provide information
about the molecular geometry, aromaticity, the content of nonhexagonal
rings, typical types and locations of heterocycles, occurrence, length
and connectivity of alkyl side chains, and ratio of archipelago- vs
island-type architectures. Common and distinguishing structural motifs
for the different samples could be identified. The measured size distributions
and the degree of unsaturation by scanning probe microscopy is consistent
with mass spectrometry data presented herein. The results obtained
reveal the complexity, properties and specifics of heavy oil fractions
with implications for upstream oil production and downstream oil processing.
Moreover, the identified molecular structures form a basis for modeling
geochemical oil formation processes