The Role of Parenting in the Development of Rumination

Abstract Background Research suggests that rumination predicts depression in adult and adolescent populations and there is increasing evidence that rumination is a transdiagnostic factor across psychological disorders. Whilst researchers have stressed the importance of understanding the developmental antecedents of rumination and a number of hypotheses have been posited, this area has received little research attention. Additionally, the majority of existing research has relied on self-report measures of parenting. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of parental modelling, low positivity and criticism in the development of rumination in offspring using an observational measure called the Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS). Design A cross-sectional two-stage design was utilised. During stage one, sixth-form girls and their mothers were invited to complete questionnaires measuring rumination and affect. At stage two, mothers of high rumination and low rumination daughters were invited to complete the FMSS. Results Rumination was not correlated in mothers and daughters, suggesting a lack of support for the role of modelling. Unfortunately, there was a paucity of critical comments in this sample which hindered attempts to investigate the relationship between maternal criticism and offspring rumination. However, the data showed that the mothers of low ruminators made twice as many positive comments about their daughters compared to the mothers of high ruminators. This result remained significant even when controlling for mother and daughter affect variables. 3 Conclusions The results suggest that low maternal positivity is associated with rumination in female adolescents. However, as this study was not experimental, causality cannot be inferred. Additionally, there was no evidence to support the role of parental modelling and the role of criticism could not be addressed. The results suggest a number of implications for clinical work and future research, including the need for prospective longitudinal studies using observational measures of parenting

Quantitative principles of cis-translational control by general mRNA sequence features in eukaryotes.

BackgroundGeneral translational cis-elements are present in the mRNAs of all genes and affect the recruitment, assembly, and progress of preinitiation complexes and the ribosome under many physiological states. These elements include mRNA folding, upstream open reading frames, specific nucleotides flanking the initiating AUG codon, protein coding sequence length, and codon usage. The quantitative contributions of these sequence features and how and why they coordinate to control translation rates are not well understood.ResultsHere, we show that these sequence features specify 42-81% of the variance in translation rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis thaliana, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens. We establish that control by RNA secondary structure is chiefly mediated by highly folded 25-60 nucleotide segments within mRNA 5' regions, that changes in tri-nucleotide frequencies between highly and poorly translated 5' regions are correlated between all species, and that control by distinct biochemical processes is extensively correlated as is regulation by a single process acting in different parts of the same mRNA.ConclusionsOur work shows that general features control a much larger fraction of the variance in translation rates than previously realized. We provide a more detailed and accurate understanding of the aspects of RNA structure that directs translation in diverse eukaryotes. In addition, we note that the strongly correlated regulation between and within cis-control features will cause more even densities of translational complexes along each mRNA and therefore more efficient use of the translation machinery by the cell

Assessing the Impacts of Federal Farm Bill Programs on Rural Communities

This report summarizes the state of scientific knowledge on the impact of federal farm and food programs on rural communities in the United States. We focus on the impacts of five specific programs of what is commonly referred to as the “farm bill.” These five include farm commodity programs; farm risk management, insurance, and disaster programs; agricultural conservation programs; food and nutrition programs; and rural development programs. Although there is extensive research on the relative merits and effectiveness of specific rural development programs and policies on rural community outcomes, the impacts of the other four main farm bill programs on rural America have received much less empirical scrutiny

Pelagic larval duration links life history traits and species persistence in Darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)

Pelagic larval duration (PLD) likely influences evolutionary processes including dispersal, genetic connectivity, and extinction in aquatic organisms. PLD has been well studied in marine systems, but very few freshwater species have been studied. Darters are a diverse group of freshwater North American fish with available information on the length of this stage from propagation efforts. There is surprising variation in the length of this stage ranging from 0 to 60 days. By compiling information from Conservations Fisheries, Inc. (Knoxville, TN) and the literature, we were able to make comparisons between the PLD of 23 species and other life history characteristics. We hypothesized that 1) PLD will influence developmental characteristics and reflect tradeoffs at these critical stages 2) a higher extinction risk should associate with lower PLD. Size at yolk absorption was found to have a marginally significant, relationship with PLD, but juvenile size and maximum size were found to have positive relationships. These relationships indicate a possible developmental tradeoff between larval survival and potential size and that pelagic larval duration in darters is greatly influenced by life history characteristics. Additionally, through a phylogenetic comparative analysis, we found lower PLD in darter lineages was evolutionarily associated with extinction risk, which is similar to patterns commonly recovered from the marine fossil record. These findings provide some of the first support in extant taxa for the hypothesis that PLD is an important determinant of extinction. This study indicates that PLD is highly influential in species life history characteristics and predictions of species’ persistence

Student Mathematics Performance in Year One Implementation of Teach to One: Math

This report examines mathematics test data from the first year of implementation (2012-13) of the Teach to One: Math (TtO) approach in seven urban middle schools in Chicago, New York City, and Washington D.C. Researchers addressed the question: How did Tto students' growth on the Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) mathematics assessment compare with national norms?To answer this question, the researchers analyzed student performance on the MAP test, an established instrument developed by the Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA). The researchers then compared these results to the national norms published by NWEA (2011). Please note that these analyses cannot attribute Tto student results to the TtO model: the data available did not permit the use of an experimental design, which would be necessary to establish a link between the implementation of the program and the student test results. While the TtO results are promising, its performance beyond one year should be analyzed using an experimental design, in order to remove unmeasured differences between TtO students and schools with an appropriate comparison sample

Quantification of three-dimensional folding using fluvial terraces: A case study from the Mushi anticline, northern margin of the Chinese Pamir

Fold deformation in three dimensions involves shortening, uplift, and lateral growth. Fluvial terraces represent strain markers that have been widely applied to constrain a fold's shortening and uplift. For the lateral growth, however, the utility of fluvial terraces has been commonly ignored. Situated along northern margin of Chinese Pamir, the Mushi anticline preserves, along its northern flank, flights of passively deformed fluvial terraces that can be used to constrain three-dimensional folding history, especially lateral growth. The Mushi anticline is a geometrically simple fault-tip fold with a total shortening of 740?±?110?m and rock uplift of ~1300?m. Geologic and geomorphic mapping and dGPS surveys reveal that terrace surfaces perpendicular to the fold's strike display increased rotation with age, implying the fold grows by progressive limb rotation. We use a pure-shear fault-tip fold model to estimate a uniform shortening rate of 1.5?+?1.3/?0.5?mm/a and a rock-uplift rate of 2.3?+?2.1/?0.8?mm/a. Parallel to the fold's strike, longitudinal profiles of terrace surfaces also display age-dependent increases in slopes. We present a new model to distinguish lateral growth mechanisms (lateral lengthening and/or rotation above a fixed tip). This model indicates that eastward lengthening of the Mushi anticline ceased by at least ~134?ka and its lateral growth has been dominated by rotation. Our study confirms that terrace deformation along a fold's strike not only can constrain the lateral lengthening rate but can serve to quantify the magnitude and rate of lateral rotation: attributes that are commonly difficult to define when relying on other geomorphic criteria

Acute effects of exercise on appetite, appetite regulatory hormones and energy intake in lean and overweight men and women

The acute effects of exercise on appetite, ad libitum energy intake and gut hormone responses have received much attention over the past two decades. The experiments in this thesis have contributed to this research by examining appetite, acylated ghrelin, peptide-YY (PYY), leptin and ad libitum energy intake responses to two consecutive days of moderate-high intensity running. To achieve this 15 individuals aged 21 (2) y, with a BMI of 23.0 (1.9) kg·m-2 were recruited. Additionally, appetite, acylated ghrelin, PYY, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and ad libitum energy intake responses to an acute bout of moderate intensity treadmill exercise were compared in lean and overweight/obese (ow/ob) males and females. Two separate cohorts of individuals were recruited; 22 lean individuals and 25 ow/ob individuals (aged 38 (15) and 45 (12) y, with a BMI of 22 (2) and 29 (3) kg·m 2, for lean and ow/ob individuals, respectively). In Chapter 4, two consecutive days of 60 min treadmill running at 70% V̇O2 peak did not produce compensatory changes in appetite or energy intake over two days. There were no main effects of trial for acylated ghrelin or leptin. However a main effect of trial for PYY indicated higher concentrations on the exercise than control trial. A meta-analysis was completed in Chapter 5, suggesting further research in the effects of acute exercise on appetite regulatory hormones in individuals who are ow/ob was necessary. In Chapter 6, 60 min of treadmill exercise at 60% V̇O2 peak did not alter appetite sensations or energy intake in the 7 h after exercise in lean and ow/ob males and females. There were no main effects of sex, BMI or trial for acylated ghrelin; however, PYY and GLP-1 concentrations were higher in exercise than control trials. This thesis has demonstrated that over two days, high volume exercise does not stimulate compensatory appetite regulatory changes, in lean healthy males. In the short term, lean and ow/ob males and females respond similarly to acute exercise, showing no alterations in appetite or food intake responses, whilst PYY and GLP-1 concentrations are higher in exercise than control trials

When Sales Becomes Service: The Evolution of the Professional Selling Role and an Organic Model of Frontline Ambidexterity

Building on new theoretical foundations in the professional selling domain, growing bodies of research on frontline ambidexterity, and an increasingly demanding and dynamic frontline role, this article advances frontline ambidexterity through three focal goals. We first provide an in-depth discussion of the evolution of the professional selling role. This foundation allows us to identify and explore the implications of a market-driven model of ambidexterity that can manifest organically within certain professional selling contexts. In so doing, we espouse a new model of individual-level ambidexterity—organic frontline ambidexterity. Next, we discern existing models of frontline ambidexterity (characterized as inorganic) and compare these to the organic model proposed. Finally, we provide an organizational framework of frontline ambidexterity enablement to provide context for organizations to best align and enable ambidexterity as a dynamic capability. We provide corresponding research questions in an effort to aid in the systematic expansion of frontline ambidexterity research

Registration enabling campaign for accelerated development: A PPQ strategy with minimal early investments to enable fast to market development for a promising monoclonal antibody

Clinical development programs are increasingly designing trials and timelines with extra degrees of flexibility to allow for acceleration based on early positive data. It is becoming more common that a program in Phase I can plan for filing a Biological License Application in less then five years given a certain set of aggressive assumptions. This often places CMC activities on a critical and potentially risky path requiring a large resource commitment at an early stage of clinical development when the likelihood of commercial launch remains low. In this presentation we explore a case study for one such program that demonstrated both a low supply demand and limited clinical data, but also has the potential for a fast-to-market strategy gated to positive clinical results. We introduce the concept of a Registration Enabling Campaign (REC) conducted in parallel with a traditional Phase III supply campaign that would supply the Registration Batches for a Biological License Application, but also eliminate the need for a traditional PPQ campaign. While this initially requires an early investment prior to Phase III, it significantly reduces the resources required for a traditional qualification campaign that would be otherwise discarded for a low volume product. We will present the strategy for required prospective studies needed to support a Phase III-REC, rationales for study deferrals and overall risks associated with analytical quality control systems that must be leveraged at a very early phase in development