33 research outputs found

    Surface proteins of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli mediate association with milk fat globules in raw milk

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    IntroductionBy adhering to host cells and colonizing tissues, bacterial pathogens can successfully establish infection. Adhesion is considered the first step of the infection process and bacterial adhesion to anti-adhesive compounds is now seen as a promising strategy to prevent infectious diseases. Among the natural sources of anti-adhesive molecules, the membrane of milk fat globules (MFGs) is of interest because of its compositional diversity of proteins and glycoconjugates. However, few studies have focused on the bacterial molecules involved in MFG- mediated inhibition of bacterial adhesion to enterocytes.MethodsWe used three pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains (O26:H11 str. 21765, O157:H7 str. EDL933, and O103:H3 str. PMK5) as models to evaluate whether STEC surface proteins are involved in the affinity of STEC for MFG membrane proteins (MFGMPs). The affinity of STEC for MFGMPs was assessed both indirectly by a natural raw milk creaming test and directly by an adhesion test. Mass spectrometry was used to identify enriched STEC proteins within the protein fraction of MFGMs. Bacterial mutants were constructed and their affinity to MFGs were measured to confirm the role of the identified proteins.ResultsWe found that free STEC surface proteins inhibit the concentration of the pathogen in the MFG-enriched cream in a strain-dependent manner. Moreover, the OmpA and FliC proteins were identified within the protein fraction of MFGMs. Our results suggest that FliC protein participates in STEC adhesion to MFGMPs but other STEC molecules may also participate.DiscussionFor the first time, this study highlighted, the involvement of STEC surface proteins in the affinity for MFGs. The mechanism of STEC-MFG association is still not fully understood but our results confirm the existence of receptor/ligand type interactions between the bacteria and MFGs. Further studies are needed to identify and specify the molecules involved in this interaction. These studies should consider the likely involvement of several factors, including adhesion molecules, and the diversity of each STEC strain

    Pathogénicité des Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-toxines (STEC) des produits laitiers : diversité génétique et impact des globules gras du lait

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    Pathogenic Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborn pathogens wordwild and their pathogenicity in dairy products are yet not well define. Despite their presence in such foodstuff, STEC outbreaks or isolated infectious cases due to consumption of dairy products remain rare. The main objectif of this thesis was to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of STEC in dairy products. This work was divided into two main axes: (i) the genetic characterization of STEC isolated from dairy products and (ii) the inhibition of EHEC adhesion to intestinal tract due to Milk Fat Globule (MFG) of milk and raw milk cheeses. A collection of STEC strains from dairy products showed a hight genetic diversity by PFGE analysis. Virulence profil analysis by rt-qPCR showed that dairy STEC strains present genes implicated into disease enhancement, exception of stx1/2 genes for O26:H11 STEC and stx1, nleF et Z6065 genes for O157:H7 STEC. Interactions between STEC cells and MFG, in raw milk, were confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy. EHEC adherence inhibition property of MFG to enterocytes was demonstrated by an in vitro approach. EHEC adhesion test managed in streptomycin treated CD1 mice demonstrated that the presence of MFG in cheese matrices used to feed animals induced a lag of excretion of EHEC cells one day post-feeding. Moreover, MFG induced a shift of 6 cm of the primo-implantation site of EHEC. Our study provides knowledge about pathogenicity of STEC isolated from dairy products. However, further studies are needed to determine the pathogenicity of the isolated products STEC in raw milk cheeses and provide practical solutions to industrial and risk assessment managers to developed potential reglementations.La pathogĂ©nicitĂ© des souches d'Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-Toxines (STEC) dans les fromages est peu connue Ă  ce jour et bien que la prĂ©valence des STEC dans les matrices au lait cru soit Ă©levĂ©e, le nombre de cas Ă©pidĂ©miologiques liĂ©s Ă  leur consommation reste rare. L'objectif de la thĂšse est d'apporter des Ă©lĂ©ments de comprĂ©hension de cette pathogĂ©nicitĂ© en axant nos travaux sur (i) la caractĂ©risation gĂ©nĂ©tique de souches isolĂ©es de produits laitiers, (ii) l'Ă©tude de l‘inhibition de l'adhĂ©sion des EHEC grĂące aux globules gras du lait et des fromages au lait cru. Les donnĂ©es de l'Ă©tude sur la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique par PFGE d'une Une collection de souches de STEC isolĂ©es de produits au lait cru prĂ©sentent une grande diversitĂ© de profils de macrorestriction rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s par Ă©lectrophorĂšse en champ pulsĂ© (PFGE). L'analyse de leur profil de virulence par approche rt-qPCR a montrĂ© que, Ă  l'exception de quelques gĂšnes (stx1/2 chez les STEC O26:H11 et les gĂšnes stx1, nleF et Z6065 chez les STEC O157:H7), ces souches isolĂ©es de produits laitiers possĂšdent le patrimoine gĂ©nĂ©tique propre Ă  dĂ©clencher les pathologies Ă  EHEC. Des associations entre les globules gras et les EHEC ont Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence par microscopie Ă  Ă©pi fluorescence. Nos travaux ont Ă©galement montrĂ© une inhibition de l‘adhĂ©sion de deux souches EHEC Ă  des enthĂ©rocytes en culture (modĂšle in vitro).Enfin, des tests d‘adhĂ©sion des EHEC dans une matrice fromagĂšre appauvrie ou non en globules gras, en modĂšle souris ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s. Les donnĂ©es ont montrĂ© que la prĂ©sence de globules gras induit un retard d‘excrĂ©tion des EHEC d‘un jour. Les globules gras induisent Ă©galement une variation du site d‘implantation (de 6 cm) au niveau du colon. Nos travaux apportent des connaissances sur la pathogĂ©nicitĂ© des STEC issus de produits laitiers. NĂ©anmoins, des Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires sont nĂ©cessaires pour statuer sur la pathogĂ©nicitĂ© des STEC isolĂ©s de fromages au lait cru et apporter des rĂ©ponses concrĂštes aux industriels de cette filiĂšre et aux instances dĂ©cisionnelles pour lâ€˜Ă©tablissement d‘une Ă©ventuelle rĂ©glementation

    Pathogenicity of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli in dairy products : genetic diversity and milk fat globule impact

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    La pathogĂ©nicitĂ© des souches d'Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-Toxines (STEC) dans les fromages est peu connue Ă  ce jour et bien que la prĂ©valence des STEC dans les matrices au lait cru soit Ă©levĂ©e, le nombre de cas Ă©pidĂ©miologiques liĂ©s Ă  leur consommation reste rare. L'objectif de la thĂšse est d'apporter des Ă©lĂ©ments de comprĂ©hension de cette pathogĂ©nicitĂ© en axant nos travaux sur (i) la caractĂ©risation gĂ©nĂ©tique de souches isolĂ©es de produits laitiers, (ii) l'Ă©tude de l‘inhibition de l'adhĂ©sion des EHEC grĂące aux globules gras du lait et des fromages au lait cru. Les donnĂ©es de l'Ă©tude sur la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique par PFGE d'une Une collection de souches de STEC isolĂ©es de produits au lait cru prĂ©sentent une grande diversitĂ© de profils de macrorestriction rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s par Ă©lectrophorĂšse en champ pulsĂ© (PFGE). L'analyse de leur profil de virulence par approche rt-qPCR a montrĂ© que, Ă  l'exception de quelques gĂšnes (stx1/2 chez les STEC O26:H11 et les gĂšnes stx1, nleF et Z6065 chez les STEC O157:H7), ces souches isolĂ©es de produits laitiers possĂšdent le patrimoine gĂ©nĂ©tique propre Ă  dĂ©clencher les pathologies Ă  EHEC. Des associations entre les globules gras et les EHEC ont Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence par microscopie Ă  Ă©pi fluorescence. Nos travaux ont Ă©galement montrĂ© une inhibition de l‘adhĂ©sion de deux souches EHEC Ă  des enthĂ©rocytes en culture (modĂšle in vitro).Enfin, des tests d‘adhĂ©sion des EHEC dans une matrice fromagĂšre appauvrie ou non en globules gras, en modĂšle souris ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s. Les donnĂ©es ont montrĂ© que la prĂ©sence de globules gras induit un retard d‘excrĂ©tion des EHEC d‘un jour. Les globules gras induisent Ă©galement une variation du site d‘implantation (de 6 cm) au niveau du colon. Nos travaux apportent des connaissances sur la pathogĂ©nicitĂ© des STEC issus de produits laitiers. NĂ©anmoins, des Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires sont nĂ©cessaires pour statuer sur la pathogĂ©nicitĂ© des STEC isolĂ©s de fromages au lait cru et apporter des rĂ©ponses concrĂštes aux industriels de cette filiĂšre et aux instances dĂ©cisionnelles pour lâ€˜Ă©tablissement d‘une Ă©ventuelle rĂ©glementation.Pathogenic Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborn pathogens wordwild and their pathogenicity in dairy products are yet not well define. Despite their presence in such foodstuff, STEC outbreaks or isolated infectious cases due to consumption of dairy products remain rare. The main objectif of this thesis was to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of STEC in dairy products. This work was divided into two main axes: (i) the genetic characterization of STEC isolated from dairy products and (ii) the inhibition of EHEC adhesion to intestinal tract due to Milk Fat Globule (MFG) of milk and raw milk cheeses. A collection of STEC strains from dairy products showed a hight genetic diversity by PFGE analysis. Virulence profil analysis by rt-qPCR showed that dairy STEC strains present genes implicated into disease enhancement, exception of stx1/2 genes for O26:H11 STEC and stx1, nleF et Z6065 genes for O157:H7 STEC. Interactions between STEC cells and MFG, in raw milk, were confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy. EHEC adherence inhibition property of MFG to enterocytes was demonstrated by an in vitro approach. EHEC adhesion test managed in streptomycin treated CD1 mice demonstrated that the presence of MFG in cheese matrices used to feed animals induced a lag of excretion of EHEC cells one day post-feeding. Moreover, MFG induced a shift of 6 cm of the primo-implantation site of EHEC. Our study provides knowledge about pathogenicity of STEC isolated from dairy products. However, further studies are needed to determine the pathogenicity of the isolated products STEC in raw milk cheeses and provide practical solutions to industrial and risk assessment managers to developed potential reglementations

    Fatigue study of steels produced by L-PBF additive manufacturing using a thermomechanical approach for comparing performance of printing strategies

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    La thĂšse de doctorat porte sur les performances en fatigue des aciers fabriquĂ©s par fusion laser sur lit de poudre (L-PBF). L'objectif de l'Ă©tude est de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thode pour la caractĂ©risation rapide et fiable de la limite de fatigue d’un matĂ©riau en utilisant la thermographie infrarouge (IR). Des essais prĂ©liminaires de fatigue conventionnelle ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s, rĂ©vĂ©lant deux populations distinctes parmi les Ă©prouvettes fabriquĂ©es selon leur emplacement sur le plateau de fabrication. Ensuite, des tests de fatigue instrumentĂ©s par camĂ©ra IR ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©s en utilisant la technique de reconstruction de la source de chaleur pour mesurer la dissipation mĂ©canique due aux dommages causĂ©s par la fatigue. Un modĂšle statistique a ensuite Ă©tĂ© proposĂ© pour identifier la limite de fatigue du matĂ©riau. Enfin, une application pratique a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour comparer diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies de fabrication utilisant la mĂȘme poudre d'acier maraging, ainsi que diffĂ©rents aciers (maraging, L40 et W360). Les rĂ©sultats ouvrent des perspectives pour l'optimisation rapide du processus d'impression vis-Ă -vis des performances de fatigue des piĂšces produites.The PhD thesis deals with the fatigue performance of steels manufactured by Powder Bed Fusion using a laser beam (L-PBF). The objective of the study is to develop a method for the rapid and reliable characterization of the produced material’s fatigue limit using infrared (IR) thermography. Preliminary conventional fatigue tests were performed, revealing two distinct populations among the printed specimens depending on their locations on the building plate. Next, fatigue tests instrumented by IR camera were processed using heat source reconstruction to measure the mechanical dissipation due to fatigue damage. A statistical model was then proposed to identify the fatigue limit of the material. Finally, a practical application was performed to compare different manufacturing strategies using the same powder of maraging steel, as well different steels (maraging, L40 and W360). The results open perspectives for the rapid optimization of the printing process with respect to the fatigue performance of the parts produced

    Fatigue des aciers élaborés par fabrication additive L-PBF : approche thermomécanique et comparaison de stratégies de fabrication

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    The PhD thesis deals with the fatigue performance of steels manufactured by Powder Bed Fusion using a laser beam (L-PBF). The objective of the study is to develop a method for the rapid and reliable characterization of the produced material’s fatigue limit using infrared (IR) thermography. Preliminary conventional fatigue tests were performed, revealing two distinct populations among the printed specimens depending on their locations on the building plate. Next, fatigue tests instrumented by IR camera were processed using heat source reconstruction to measure the mechanical dissipation due to fatigue damage. A statistical model was then proposed to identify the fatigue limit of the material. Finally, a practical application was performed to compare different manufacturing strategies using the same powder of maraging steel, as well different steels (maraging, L40 and W360). The results open perspectives for the rapid optimization of the printing process with respect to the fatigue performance of the parts produced.La thĂšse de doctorat porte sur les performances en fatigue des aciers fabriquĂ©s par fusion laser sur lit de poudre (L-PBF). L'objectif de l'Ă©tude est de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thode pour la caractĂ©risation rapide et fiable de la limite de fatigue d’un matĂ©riau en utilisant la thermographie infrarouge (IR). Des essais prĂ©liminaires de fatigue conventionnelle ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s, rĂ©vĂ©lant deux populations distinctes parmi les Ă©prouvettes fabriquĂ©es selon leur emplacement sur le plateau de fabrication. Ensuite, des tests de fatigue instrumentĂ©s par camĂ©ra IR ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©s en utilisant la technique de reconstruction de la source de chaleur pour mesurer la dissipation mĂ©canique due aux dommages causĂ©s par la fatigue. Un modĂšle statistique a ensuite Ă©tĂ© proposĂ© pour identifier la limite de fatigue du matĂ©riau. Enfin, une application pratique a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour comparer diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies de fabrication utilisant la mĂȘme poudre d'acier maraging, ainsi que diffĂ©rents aciers (maraging, L40 et W360). Les rĂ©sultats ouvrent des perspectives pour l'optimisation rapide du processus d'impression vis-Ă -vis des performances de fatigue des piĂšces produites

    Activation du sodium par des neutrons de fission, intercomparaison de mannequins anthropomorphes différents

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    Trois mannequins de types diffĂ©rents, ont Ă©tĂ© irradiĂ©s par des neutrons de fission. L’activation du sodium a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e en fonction de l’orientation, en mesurant l’activitĂ© du 24Na formĂ© dans le mannequin entier, dans les compartiments correspondant aux parties anatomiques symĂ©triques, dans les organes profonds. Ces rĂ©sultats ont permis une comparaison entre les trois types de mannequins employĂ©s

    Fatigue characterization by heat source reconstruction under continuously varying stress amplitude

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    International audienceSelf-heating measurements using thermography have proven to be an effective means of rapidly assessing the fatigue response of materials. The paper validates the use of a post-processing technique, called "heat source" reconstruction, in the case of cyclic loading with continuously varying stress amplitudes, offering significant advantages over classical self-heating approaches: considerably reduced test time (some minutes compared to a few hours); continuous measurement of mechanical dissipation versus stress amplitude; higher maximum stress amplitude achieved due to slower accumulation of fatigue damage during testing. The approach was validated by comparison with the classical procedure, and opens new perspectives for fatigue characterization

    Assessment of geometrical defects caused by thermal distortions in laser-beam-melting additive manufacturing: a simulation approach

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    Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a numerical approach inspired by Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) standards for the assessment of geometrical defects appearing during Additive Manufacturing (AM) by Laser Beam Melting (LBM). Design/methodology/approach The study is based on finite element (FE) simulations of thermal distortions, then an assessment of flatness defects (warping induced by the high-residual stresses appearing during the manufacturing) from the deformed surfaces provided by simulation, and finally the correction of the calculated flatness defects from preliminary comparison between simulated and experimental data. Findings For an elementary geometrical feature (a wall), it was possible to identify the variation in the flatness defect as a function of the dimensions. For a complex geometry exhibiting a significant flatness defect, it was possible to improve the geometric quality using the numerical tool. Research limitations/implications To the best of the author’s knowledge, this work is the first attempt using a numerical approach inspired by GPS standards to identify variations in thermal distortions caused by LBM, which is an initial step toward optimization. This paper is mainly focused on flatness defect assessment, even though the approach is potentially applicable for all types of geometrical defects (shape, orientation or position defects). Practical implications The study opens prospects for the optimization of complex parts elaborated using LBM, based on the minimization of the geometric defects caused by thermal distortions. Social implications The prospects in terms of shape optimization will extend the potential to benefit from the new possibilities offered by LBM additive manufacturing. Originality/value Unlike the usual approach, the proposed methodology does not require any artifacts or comparisons with the computer-aided-design (CAD) model for geometrical distortion assessment. The present approach opens up the possibility of performing metrology from FE simulation results, which is particularly promising in the AM field
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