Future directions for scientific advice in Europe

Across Europe, scientific evidence and advice is in great demand, to inform policies and decision making on issues such as climate change, new technologies and environmental regulation. But the diversity of political cultures and attitudes to expertise in different European countries can make the task of designing EU-wide advisory institutions and processes both sensitive and complex. In January 2015, President Juncker asked Commissioner Moedas to report on options for improving scientific advice within the European Commission. At a time when these issues are higher than usual on the political agenda, it is important that the case for scientific advice and evidence-informed policy is articulated and analysed afresh. To support these efforts, this collection brings together agenda-setting essays by policymakers, practitioners, scientists and scholars from across Europe. Authors include Anne Glover, Ulrike Felt, Robert Madelin, Andy Stirling, Vladimír Šucha and Jos van der Meer. Their contributions outline various challenges but also constructive ways forward for scientific advice in Europe

San Diego: Major Providers Pursue Countywide Networks and New Patient Care Models

San Diego has long been a geographically well-defined health care market with high managed care penetration and a consolidated provider sector. In recent years, hospital systems have faced increasing cost pressures as commercial health plans have responded to employer demands for more affordable premiums. Safety-net providers expanded capacity to deal with the large Medi-Cal expansion that began in 2014, but continue to grapple with how to provide adequate care for a new enrollee population that is far sicker, with more complex medical and social service needs, than the providers' previous patient base.Key developments include:While the hospital market remained largely stable in recent years, most of the smaller hospitals have been losing volume and struggling financially.Major systems are pursuing population health strategies and increasingly using provider-sponsored health plans to take full risk for more patients.The challenges of independent practice are leading many primary care physicians to choose employment at system-affiliated groups.In the two years since Medicaid eligibility was first expanded under the ACA, San Diego's Medi-Cal managed care enrollment almost doubled to 700,000. Many Medi-Cal enrollees without a regular primary care provider sought care at hospital emergency departments, and access gaps for many kinds of specialty care and behavioral health care were even more severe.San Diego County's commitment to providing health care for low-income residents continues to be limited, although the county Health and Human Services Agency has become more active in fostering collaborations between health and other social services

Spectral Data for Synthesis of Cyclopropanes via Organoiron Methodology: Stereoselective Preparation of Bi(cyclopropyl)s

Spectral data created in the course of the research project. Supports specific findings in Synthesis of Cyclopropanes via Organoiron Methodology: Stereoselective Preparation of Bi(cyclopropyl)s . Cyclopropanation of [2-(alkenyl)pentenediyl]Fe(CO)3 complexes (4) proceeds in a diastereoselective fashion to afford [2-(cyclopropyl)pentenediyl]Fe(CO)3. The relative stereochemistry of the products was established by X-ray crystallography. The diastereoselectivity is rationalized on approach of the cyclopropanation reagent on the sterically more exposed face of 4. Oxidatively induced reductive elimination afforded stereodefined bi(cyclopropyl)s

New Atmospheric Turbulence Model for Shuttle Applications

An updated NASA atmospheric turbulence model, from 0 to 200 km altitude, which was developed to be more realistic and less conservative when applied to space shuttle reentry engineering simulation studies involving control system fuel expenditures is presented. The prior model used extreme turbulence (3 sigma) for all altitudes, whereas in reality severe turbulence is patchy within quiescent atmospheric zones. The updated turublence model presented is designed to be more realistic. The prior turbulence statistics (sigma and L) were updated and were modeled accordingly

Orange County: Changing Market Fuels New Models of Provider Collaboration

Since 2010, Orange County has largely recovered from the economic downturn and remains a relatively well-educated community with high rates of private insurance coverage overall. Socioeconomic variation persists in this county, with the number of low-income residents growing and a large jump in the proportion of the population that gained Medi-Cal coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Other key findings include:The region's major hospital systems are expanding ambulatory services and geographic reach.Orange County physicians are increasingly giving up independence to varying degrees and joining larger physician organizations or hospital-affiliated groups to gain shelter from mounting financial pressures and administrative burdens.Providers are collaborating on new payment arrangements, with some Orange County physician organizations and hospitals working toward assuming more risk for more patients, particularly the growing numbers in preferred-provider organizations (PPOs).The proportion of Orange County residents covered by Medi-Cal has jumped, with a greater proportional increase in Medi-Cal enrollment than other California regions studied.Safety-net provider capacity is tight; private providers are playing a significant role in serving the Medi-Cal expansion population

Web-Based Interface for Command and Control of Network Sensors

This software allows for the visualization and control of a network of sensors through a Web browser interface. It is currently being deployed for a network of sensors monitoring Mt. Saint Helen s volcano; however, this innovation is generic enough that it can be deployed for any type of sensor Web. From this interface, the user is able to fully control and monitor the sensor Web. This includes, but is not limited to, sending "test" commands to individual sensors in the network, monitoring for real-world events, and reacting to those event

Automating Hyperspectral Data for Rapid Response in Volcanic Emergencies

In a volcanic emergency, time is of the essence. It is vital to quantify eruption parameters (thermal emission, effusion rate, location of activity) and distribute this information as quickly as possible to decision-makers in order to enable effective evaluation of eruption-related risk and hazard. The goal of this work was to automate and streamline processing of spacecraft hyperspectral data, automate product generation, and automate distribution of products. Visible and Short-Wave Infrared Images of volcanic eruption in Iceland in May 2010." class="caption" align="right">The software rapidly processes hyperspectral data, correcting for incident sunlight where necessary, and atmospheric transmission; detects thermally anomalous pixels; fits data with model black-body thermal emission spectra to determine radiant flux; calculates atmospheric convection thermal removal; and then calculates total heat loss. From these results, an estimation of effusion rate is made. Maps are generated of thermal emission and location (see figure). Products are posted online, and relevant parties notified. Effusion rate data are added to historical record and plotted to identify spikes in activity for persistently active eruptions. The entire process from start to end is autonomous. Future spacecraft, especially those in deep space, can react to detection of transient processes without the need to communicate with Earth, thus increasing science return. Terrestrially, this removes the need for human intervention

Change-Based Satellite Monitoring Using Broad Coverage and Targetable Sensing

A generic software framework analyzes data from broad coverage sweeps or general larger areas of interest. Change detection methods are used to extract subsets of directed swath areas that intersect areas of change. These areas are prioritized and allocated to targetable assets. This method is deployed in an automatic fashion, and has operated without human monitoring or intervention for sustained periods of time (months)

Three-dimensional rendering of otolith growth using phase contrast synchrotron tomography

We present a three-dimensional computer reconstruction of a plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) otolith from data acquired by the Diamond Light synchrotron, beamline I12, X-ray source, a high energy (53 – 150 keV) source particularly well suited to the study of dense objects. Our data allowed non-destructive rendering of otolith structure, and for the first time allows examination of otolith annuli (internal ring structures) to be analysed in X-ray tomographic images