Ondes internes générées sur une dorsale océanique : du laboratoire à l'océan

La marée interne contribue au maintien de la circulation méridienne de renversement. Il existe, à l'heure actuelle, une controverse sur la nature exacte des mécanismes pilotant cette circulation. Une meilleure quantification des apports énergétiques associés aux ondes internes permettrait d'apporter quelques clés de compréhension de ce mécanisme complexe. Dans cette thèse, différents régimes d'ondes internes topographiques inspirés par des configurations océaniques sont étudiés afin d'évaluer quantitativement les transferts énergétiques associés. L'utilisation complémentaire des outils numériques et expérimentaux permet de détailler la dynamique de ces régimes de manière exhaustive. La première partie de la thèse porte sur la génération d'ondes internes de petite amplitude par l'oscillation d'un mont Gaussien dans un fluide linéairement stratifié. L'approche choisie s'appuie sur un jeu d'expériences de laboratoire pour lesquelles la pente relative du rayon d'onde interne par rapport à la pente maximale du mont varie. Nous montrons qu'un maximum énergétique est atteint dans le régime critique pour lequel les pentes du rayon et du mont sont similaires. Dans la suite de la thèse, la dynamique d'ondes internes de forte amplitude se propageant dans des régions de fort gradient de densité, comme la pycnocline océanique, est étudiée. Nous utilisons dans un premier temps le modèle numérique Symphonie-NH pour décrire leur génération et leur dynamique, sur une configuration académique bidimensionnelle. Tout d'abord, la génération primaire d'ondes internes interfaciales est étudiée. On s'intéresse en particulier à des régimes fortement non-linéaires pour lesquelles des ondes solitaires sont observées. Elle sont induites par l'interaction directe entre la marée barotrope et la topographie et est observée dans des régimes de pycnocline de forte intensité dans l'océan, comme en mer de Sulu. La structure des ondes internes solitaires est étudiée avec des modèles analytiques simples comme l'équation KdV. En comparant le déplacement de la pycnocline généré par des topographies de différentes formes, nous montrons qu'un contrôle topographique important est exercé par le mont sur la génération primaire d'ondes internes solitaires. Un paramètre adimensionné est proposé pour décrire ce contrôle topographique. Ensuite, la génération secondaire d'ondes internes solitaires induites par l'interaction de rayons d'ondes internes émis sur une topographie avec une pycnocline d'intensité modérée, comme dans le Golfe de Gascogne, est étudiée. Des simulations numériques directes sont effectuées pour décrire la dynamique des ondes internes solitaires, et leur atténuation par radiation d'énergie dans la couche inférieure. L'évolution de la structure des modes normaux en fonction de l'intensité de la pycnocline, et le rôle joué par la forme du mont sont détaillés. Des expériences sont menées pour étudier la génération primaire et la génération secondaire d'ondes internes solitaires dans le grand canal du CNRM-GAME. Une configuration expérimentale utilisant un mont sinusoïdal oscillant dans la couche inférieure, stratifiée ou non, d'un fluide bicouche est adoptée. Cette configuration, inspirée des simulations numériques précédentes, permet d'explorer une gamme plus large de régimes d'ondes interfaciales. Des mesures de déplacement interfacial avec des sondes à ultrasons d'une part, et avec des mesures optiques d'autre part, permettent de discuter la dynamique, et la structure tridimensionnelle de ces ondes. La structure des ondes internes solitaires dans le cas de la génération primaire apparaît plus stable que pour la génération secondaire. Dans ce deuxième cas, des structures transverses régulières sont mesurées.Internal tides contribute to sustain the Meridional Overturning Circulation. In fact, the relative importance of the mechanical and thermodynamical energy sources is being debated, yet it is clear that the mixing these waves induce is strongly linked to the General Circulation energy balance. In order to provide quantitative evaluations of energy transfers associated with internal waves generated over a topography in various regimes of linearity and stratification, we adopt a complementary approach, relying on numerical and experimental tools. In the first part of this manuscript, I focus on linear internal waves generated by the oscillation of a Gaussian ridge in a linearly stratified fluid. An energy-based approach of a series of laboratory experiments in which the ratio of the internal wave ray slope to the ridge slope is modified, permits to highlight that near-critical bottom topographies are likelier to generate powerful internal waves. Another aspect of my thesis is the dynamics of nonlinear internal waves in regions of sharp density gradients such as the ocean pycnocline. Important nonlinear effects are involved in such processes, potentially leading to the generation of internal solitary waves. These waves are responsible for important energy transfers, as they initiate turbulent mixing while they propagate in the pycnocline. Therefore, their generation and propagation processes are a crucial point of study. For that purpose, simulations using the numerical model Symphonie-NH are performed to describe two generation processes observed in the ocean. First, I focus on the primary generation of internal solitary waves, caused by the direct interaction between the barotropic tide with the ocean bottom topography, observed in strong pycnocline regimes in the ocean, such as in the Sulu sea. The structure of internal solitary waves is studied using simple analytical models such as the KdV scheme. By comparing the isopycnal displacements obtained with ridges of different shapes, we show that a strong topographic control is exerted by the ridge shape in the primary generation of internal solitary waves. A nondimensional parameter is proposed to describe this topographic control. Then, the secondary generation of internal solitary waves, induced by the interaction between internal wave rays emitted at a topography and a pycnocline of moderate strength (like in the Bay of Biscay) is treated. Direct numerical simulations are performed to study the dynamics of these internal solitary waves, and their damping due to a downward leaking of energy. The evolution of the normal modes structure with respect to the pycnocline strength, as well as the role played by the topography shape are described in order to provide new insights regarding the secondary generation process. Experiments are performed to study the primary and secondary generations of internal solitary waves in the large water tank of CNRM-GAME. An experimental configuration using a steep sinusoidal ridge oscillating in a two-layer fluid is used. Measurements with ultrasonic probes and optical measurements permit to observe the dynamics and the three-dimensional structure of these waves. Internal solitary waves issued from the primary generation process appear more stable than in the secondary generation process, for which substantial transverse structures are observed

Topographically induced internal solitary waves in a pycnocline: Ultrasonic probes and stereo-correlation measurements

Internal solitary waves (ISWs) are large amplitude stable waves propagating in regions of high density gradients such as the ocean pycnocline. Their dynamics has often been investigated in two-dimensional approaches, however, their three-dimensional evolution is still poorly known. Experiments have been conducted in the large stratified water tank of CNRM-GAME to study the generation of ISWs in two academic configurations inspired by oceanic regimes. First, ultrasonic probes are used to measure the interfacial displacement in the two configurations. In the primary generation case for which the two layers are of constant density, the generation of ISWs is investigated in two series of experiments with varying amplitude and forcing frequency. In the secondary generation case for which the lower layer is stratified, the generation of ISWs from the impact of an internal wave beam on the pycnocline and their subsequent dynamics is studied. The dynamics of ISWs in these two regimes accords well with analytical approaches and numerical simulations performed in analogous configurations. Then, recent developments of a stereo correlation technique are used to describe the three-dimensional structure of propagating ISWs. In the primary generation configuration, small transverse effects are observed in the course of the ISW propagation. In the secondary generation configuration, larger transverse structures are observed in the interfacial waves dynamics. The interaction between interfacial troughs and internal waves propagating in the lower stratified layer are a possible cause for the generation of these structures. The magnitude of these transverse structures is quantified with a nondimensional parameter in the two configurations. They are twice as large in the secondary generation case as in the primary generation case

Experiments with mixing in stratified flow over a topographic ridge

The interaction of quasi-steady abyssal ocean flow with submarine topography is expected to generate turbulent mixing in the ocean. This mixing may occur locally, close to topography, or via breaking quasi-steady lee waves that can carry energy into the ocean interior. There is currently no theoretical, or empirically derived, prediction for the relative amounts of local and interior mixing. We report measurements of the mixing rate in laboratory experiments with a topographic ridge towed through a density stratification. The experiments span three parameter regimes including linear lee waves, nonlinear flow and an evanescent regime in which wave radiation is weak. Full field density measurements provide the depth-dependence of energy loss to turbulent mixing, allowing separation of the local mixing in the turbulent wake and remote mixing by wave radiation. Remote mixing is significant only for a narrow band of forcing parameters where the flow speed is resonant with internal waves; in all other parameter regimes local mixing close to the topography is dominant. The results suggest that mixing by local nonlinear mechanisms close to abyssal ocean topography may be much greater than the remote mixing by quasi-steady lee waves

Enhancing Gravity Currents Analysis through Physics-Informed Neural Networks: Insights from Experimental Observations

Gravity currents in oceanic flows require simultaneous measurements of pressure and velocity to assess energy flux, which is crucial for predicting fluid circulation, mixing, and overall energy budget. In this paper, we apply Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) to infer velocity and pressure field from Light Attenuation Technique (LAT) measurements for gravity current induced by lock-exchange. In a PINN model, physical laws are embedded in the loss function of a neural network, such that the model fits the training data but is also constrained to reduce the residuals of the governing equations. PINNs are able to solve ill-posed inverse problems training on sparse and noisy data, and therefore can be applied to real engineering applications. The noise robustness of PINNs and the model parameters are investigated in a 2 dimensions toy case on a lock-exchange configuration , employing synthetic data. Then we train a PINN with experimental LAT measurements and quantitatively compare the velocity fields inferred to PIV measurements performed simultaneously on the same experiment. Finally, we study the energy flux field $J=p \boldsymbol{u}$ derived from the model. The results state that accurate and useful quantities can be derived from a PINN model trained on real experimental data which is encouraging for a better description of gravity currents and improve models of ocean circulation

Specific DNMT3C flanking sequence preferences facilitate methylation of young murine retrotransposons.

The DNA methyltransferase DNMT3C appeared as a duplication of the DNMT3B gene in muroids and is required for silencing of young retrotransposons in the male germline. Using specialized assay systems, we investigate the flanking sequence preferences of DNMT3C and observe characteristic preferences for cytosine at the -2 and -1 flank that are unique among DNMT3 enzymes. We identify two amino acids in the catalytic domain of DNMT3C (C543 and V547) that are responsible for the DNMT3C-specific flanking sequence preferences and evolutionary conserved in muroids. Reanalysis of published data shows that DNMT3C flanking preferences are consistent with genome-wide methylation patterns in mouse ES cells only expressing DNMT3C. Strikingly, we show that CpG sites with the preferred flanking sequences of DNMT3C are enriched in murine retrotransposons that were previously identified as DNMT3C targets. Finally, we demonstrate experimentally that DNMT3C has elevated methylation activity on substrates derived from these biological targets. Our data show that DNMT3C flanking sequence preferences match the sequences of young murine retrotransposons which facilitates their methylation. By this, our data provide mechanistic insights into the molecular co-evolution of repeat elements and (epi)genetic defense systems dedicated to maintain genomic stability in mammals

Asymmetric Internal Tide Generation in the Presence of a Steady Flow

The generation of topographic internal waves (IWs) by the sum of an oscillatory and a steady flow is investigated experimentally and with a linear model. The two forcing flows represent the combination of a tidal constituent and a weaker quasi-steady flow interacting with an abyssal hill. The combined forcings cause a coupling between internal tides and lee waves that impacts their dynamics of IWs as well as the energy carried away. An asymmetry is observed in the structure of upstream and downstream IW beams due to a quasi-Doppler shift effect. This asymmetry is enhanced for the narrowest ridge on which a superbuoyancy (ω > N) downstream beam and an evanescent upstream beam are measured. Energy fluxes are measured and compared with the linear model, that has been extended to account for the coupling mechanism. The structure and amplitude of energy fluxes match well in most regimes, showing the relevance of the linear prediction for IW wave energy budgets, while the energy flux toward IW beams is limited by the generation of periodic vortices in a particular experiment. The upstream-bias energy flux-and consequently net horizontal momentum-described in Shakespeare (2020, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0179.1) is measured in the experiments. The coupling mechanism plays an important role in the pathway to IW-induced mixing, that has previously been quantified independently for lee waves and internal tides. Hence, future parameterizations of IW processes ought to include the coupling mechanism to quantify its impact on the global distribution of mixing.This work was supported partly by theFrench PIA project LorraineUniversité d' Excellence, referenceANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE. Y. D.acknowledges support from theEmbassy of France in Australia. C. J. S.acknowledges support from an ARCDiscovery Early Career ResearcherAward DE180100087 and ANU Futures Scheme awar

[(C C)Au(N N)](+) Complexes as a New Family of Anticancer Candidates: Synthesis, Characterization and Exploration of the Antiproliferative Properties

A library of eleven cationic gold(III) complexes of the general formula [(C C)Au(N N)]+ when C C is either biphenyl or 4,4’-ditertbutyldiphenyl and N N is a bipyridine, phenanthroline or dipyridylamine derivative have been synthesized and characterized. Contrasting effects on the viability of the triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 was observed from a preliminary screening. The antiproliferative activity of the seven most active complexes were further assayed on a larger panel of human cancer cells as well as on non-cancerous cells for comparison. Two complexes stood out for being either highly active or highly selective. Eventually, reactivity studies with biologically meaningful amino acids, glutathione, higher order DNA structures and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) revealed a markedly different behavior from that of the well-known coordinatively isomeric [(C N C)Au(NHC)]+ structure. This makes the [(C C)Au(N N)]+ complexes a new class of organogold compounds with an original mode of action

Técnica de avaliação da habilidade combinatória para a seleção eficiente de genitores de híbridos de arroz.

O uso dessa técnica levará a uma maior eficiência dos programas de criação de variedades híbridas e diminuirá globalmente os custos da pesquisa, reduzindo drasticamente o número de combinações híbridas a serem avaliadas. Adicionalmente, o ganho genético para habilidade combinatória em cada população, R ou B, será elevado e constante, garantindo a sustentabilidade do programa

Coller sans mise en forme et balises indésirables dans les formulaires Lodel

Dans Lodel, les copiers-collers dans les champs WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) doivent être faits proprement afin de ne pas importer de mises en forme et balises indésirables. Sur OpenEdition Books et OpenEdition Journals, plusieurs champs de ce type existent dans les formulaire d’édition des publications et unités éditoriales : description de l’auteur ; description et légende de fichiers annexes (par exemple les premières de couverture) ; résumés, extraits ; introduction à la publi..