Síndrome pulmonar por hantavírus : aspectos epidemiologícos e clínicos de 18 casos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

A infecção por Hantavirus pode causar febre hemorrágica com doença renal ou doença respiratória grave. Em novembro de 1998 foi diagnosticado o primeiro caso de Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus (SPH) no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os dados epidemiológicos, as características clínicas e a evolução dos casos de infecção por Hantavirus no RS. Foram estudados os dados dos primeiros 18 casos de SPH no RS, confirmada pela pesquisa de IgM para o vírus Sin Nombre pelo método de Ensaio Imuno Enzimático (ELISA), diagnosticados entre 01 de novembro de 1998 e 31 de dezembro de 2000. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 39,8 anos (variando de 21 a 65 anos), 17 eram homens, 13 pacientes eram agricultores. As principais atividades de risco identificadas foram colheita e armazenamento de grãos (82,4%) e contato com roedores (76,5%). Os sintomas mais freqüentes foram febre (100%), mialgias (88,9%), dispnéia (88,9%), tosse seca (83,3%), dor abdominal (77,8%), vômitos (72,2%) e cefaléia (66,7%). Os achados mais comuns ao exame físico foram taquicardia (87,6%), hipotensao (72,2%), cianose (66,6%), agitação (55,6%) e edema periférico (38,9%). Treze pacientes (72,2%) apresentaram eventos hemorrágicos como hematúria (44,4%), hemoptise (27,7%) ou hematêmese (11,1%). Dois pacientes apresentaram insuficiência renal aguda grave. As anormalidades laboratoriais incluíram leucocitose (77,8%, média de 16,4 x 103 por mm3), freqüentemente com formas jovens, aumento de hematócrito (em 61,1% dos pacientes, média de 52,4%), trombocitopenia (em 9 de 12 casos, média de 91,4x 103 por mm3) e creatinina sérica aumentada (em 13 de 15 pacientes). A radiografia de tórax, realizada em 17 pacientes, mostrou infiltrado intersticial em 94,1%, padrão alveolar em 58,8% e derrame pleural em 76,5% dos casos. Sete pacientes, todos com insuficiência respiratória grave, foram a óbito (taxa de mortalidade de 38,9%). O número médio de dias do início dos sintomas até o óbito foi 7,3 (variando de 4 a 9). Concluímos que, nos nossos casos, a Hantavirose acometeu especialmente homens, em faixa etária produtiva, e que a zona rural foi o provável local de contaminação dos pacientes. Adicionalmente, a SPH caracterizou-se por um quadro febril agudo com queixas sistêmicas e respiratórias, podendo apresentar manifestações hemorrágicas e, infreqüentemente, insuficiência renal. Casos graves evoluíram com edema pulmonar, rapidamente progressivo. A letalidade relacionada à doença foi elevada.Hantavirus can cause hemorrhagic fever and renal disease or severe respiratory illness. In November 1998 the first case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) was identified in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiological, clinicai and laboratory data and outcome of Hantavirus infection in RS, confirmed by the detection of IgM antibodies for Sin Nombre Virus using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Epidemiological and clinicai findings of the first 18 HPS cases in RS, diagnosed between November 01,1998 and December 31, 2000 were studied. The mean age of the patients was 39.8 years (range, 21 to 65); 17 were male, and 13 were farmers. The main identified risk activities were harvesting or storage of grains (82.4%) and contact with rodents (76.5%). The most common symptoms were fever (100%), myalgias (88.9%), dyspnea (88.9%), dry cough (83.3%), abdominal pain (77.8%), vomiting (72.2%) and headache (66.7%). The most common physical findings were tachycardia (87.6%), hypotension (72.2%), cyanosis (66.6%), restlessness (55.6%) and peripherical edema (38.9%). Thirteen patients (72.2%) had hemorrhagic events as hematúria (44.4%), hemoptysis (27.7%) or hematemesis (11.1%). Two patients developed severe renal insufficiency. The laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis (in 77,8% of the patients; mean cell count 16.4 x 103 per mm3), often with myeloid precursors, an increased hematocrit (in 56.0 percent of patients; mean 52.4%), thrombocytopenia (in 9 out of 12 cases; mean platelet count, 914 x 103 per mm3), an elevated serum creatinine concentration (in 13 of 15 patients). Chest radiography, carried out in 17 patients, showed interstitial infiltrates in 94.1%, alveolar pattern in 58.8% of the patients and pleural effusion in 76.5% of the cases. Seven patients, ali with severe respiratory failure, died (case fatality rate, 38.9% percent). The mean number of days from onset of symptoms to death was 7.3 (range, 4 to 9). We concluded, in our cases, that HPS occured mainiy men, in productive age and the rural área was the probable place of patients' contamination. Additionally, HPS is characterized by a febrile illness with systemic and respiratory complaints, can exhibit hemorrhagic disturbances and, uncommonly, renal failure. Rapidly progressive, pulmonary edema occured in severe disease. The case fatality rate ofthe disease was high

Síndrome pulmonar por hantavírus : aspectos epidemiologícos e clínicos de 18 casos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

A infecção por Hantavirus pode causar febre hemorrágica com doença renal ou doença respiratória grave. Em novembro de 1998 foi diagnosticado o primeiro caso de Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus (SPH) no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os dados epidemiológicos, as características clínicas e a evolução dos casos de infecção por Hantavirus no RS. Foram estudados os dados dos primeiros 18 casos de SPH no RS, confirmada pela pesquisa de IgM para o vírus Sin Nombre pelo método de Ensaio Imuno Enzimático (ELISA), diagnosticados entre 01 de novembro de 1998 e 31 de dezembro de 2000. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 39,8 anos (variando de 21 a 65 anos), 17 eram homens, 13 pacientes eram agricultores. As principais atividades de risco identificadas foram colheita e armazenamento de grãos (82,4%) e contato com roedores (76,5%). Os sintomas mais freqüentes foram febre (100%), mialgias (88,9%), dispnéia (88,9%), tosse seca (83,3%), dor abdominal (77,8%), vômitos (72,2%) e cefaléia (66,7%). Os achados mais comuns ao exame físico foram taquicardia (87,6%), hipotensao (72,2%), cianose (66,6%), agitação (55,6%) e edema periférico (38,9%). Treze pacientes (72,2%) apresentaram eventos hemorrágicos como hematúria (44,4%), hemoptise (27,7%) ou hematêmese (11,1%). Dois pacientes apresentaram insuficiência renal aguda grave. As anormalidades laboratoriais incluíram leucocitose (77,8%, média de 16,4 x 103 por mm3), freqüentemente com formas jovens, aumento de hematócrito (em 61,1% dos pacientes, média de 52,4%), trombocitopenia (em 9 de 12 casos, média de 91,4x 103 por mm3) e creatinina sérica aumentada (em 13 de 15 pacientes). A radiografia de tórax, realizada em 17 pacientes, mostrou infiltrado intersticial em 94,1%, padrão alveolar em 58,8% e derrame pleural em 76,5% dos casos. Sete pacientes, todos com insuficiência respiratória grave, foram a óbito (taxa de mortalidade de 38,9%). O número médio de dias do início dos sintomas até o óbito foi 7,3 (variando de 4 a 9). Concluímos que, nos nossos casos, a Hantavirose acometeu especialmente homens, em faixa etária produtiva, e que a zona rural foi o provável local de contaminação dos pacientes. Adicionalmente, a SPH caracterizou-se por um quadro febril agudo com queixas sistêmicas e respiratórias, podendo apresentar manifestações hemorrágicas e, infreqüentemente, insuficiência renal. Casos graves evoluíram com edema pulmonar, rapidamente progressivo. A letalidade relacionada à doença foi elevada.Hantavirus can cause hemorrhagic fever and renal disease or severe respiratory illness. In November 1998 the first case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) was identified in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiological, clinicai and laboratory data and outcome of Hantavirus infection in RS, confirmed by the detection of IgM antibodies for Sin Nombre Virus using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Epidemiological and clinicai findings of the first 18 HPS cases in RS, diagnosed between November 01,1998 and December 31, 2000 were studied. The mean age of the patients was 39.8 years (range, 21 to 65); 17 were male, and 13 were farmers. The main identified risk activities were harvesting or storage of grains (82.4%) and contact with rodents (76.5%). The most common symptoms were fever (100%), myalgias (88.9%), dyspnea (88.9%), dry cough (83.3%), abdominal pain (77.8%), vomiting (72.2%) and headache (66.7%). The most common physical findings were tachycardia (87.6%), hypotension (72.2%), cyanosis (66.6%), restlessness (55.6%) and peripherical edema (38.9%). Thirteen patients (72.2%) had hemorrhagic events as hematúria (44.4%), hemoptysis (27.7%) or hematemesis (11.1%). Two patients developed severe renal insufficiency. The laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis (in 77,8% of the patients; mean cell count 16.4 x 103 per mm3), often with myeloid precursors, an increased hematocrit (in 56.0 percent of patients; mean 52.4%), thrombocytopenia (in 9 out of 12 cases; mean platelet count, 914 x 103 per mm3), an elevated serum creatinine concentration (in 13 of 15 patients). Chest radiography, carried out in 17 patients, showed interstitial infiltrates in 94.1%, alveolar pattern in 58.8% of the patients and pleural effusion in 76.5% of the cases. Seven patients, ali with severe respiratory failure, died (case fatality rate, 38.9% percent). The mean number of days from onset of symptoms to death was 7.3 (range, 4 to 9). We concluded, in our cases, that HPS occured mainiy men, in productive age and the rural área was the probable place of patients' contamination. Additionally, HPS is characterized by a febrile illness with systemic and respiratory complaints, can exhibit hemorrhagic disturbances and, uncommonly, renal failure. Rapidly progressive, pulmonary edema occured in severe disease. The case fatality rate ofthe disease was high

Clinical profile and mortality in patients with T. Cruzi/HIV co-infection from the multicenter data base of the "network for healthcare and study of trypanosoma cruzi/HIV co-infection and other immunosuppression conditions"

Chagas disease (CD) globalization facilitated the co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in endemic and non-endemic areas. Considering the underestimation of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi)-HIV co-infection and the risk of life-threatening Chagas Disease Reactivation (CDR), this study aimed to analyze the major co-infection clinical characteristics and its mortality rates. This is a cross-sectional retrospective multicenter study of patients with CD confirmed by two serological or one parasitological tests, and HIV infection confirmed by immunoblot. CDR was diagnosed by direct microscopy with detection of trypomastigote forms in the blood or other biological fluids and/or amastigote forms in inflammatory lesions. Out of 241 patients with co-infection, 86.7% were from Brazil, 47.5% had <200 CD4+ T cells/μL and median viral load was 17,000 copies/μL. Sixty CDR cases were observed. Death was more frequent in patients with reactivation and was mainly caused by CDR. Other causes of death unrelated to CDR were the manifestation of opportunistic infections in those with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The time between the co-infection diagnosis to death was shorter in patients with CDR. Lower CD4+ cells count at co-infection diagnosis was independently associated with reactivation. Similarly, lower CD4+ cells numbers at co-infection diagnosis and male sex were associated with higher lethality in CDR. Additionally, CD4+ cells were lower in meningoencephalitis than in myocarditis and milder forms. This study showed major features on T. cruzi-HIV co-infection and highlighted the prognostic role of CD4+ cells for reactivation and mortality. Since lethality was high in meningoencephalitis and all untreated patients died shortly after the diagnosis, early diagnosis, immediate antiparasitic treatment, patient follow-up and epidemiological surveillance are essentials in T. cruzi/HIV co-infection and CDR managements

Clinical profile and mortality in patients with T. cruzi/HIV co-infection from the multicenter data base of the "Network for healthcare and study of Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV co-infection and other immunosuppression conditions".

ObjectiveChagas disease (CD) globalization facilitated the co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in endemic and non-endemic areas. Considering the underestimation of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi)-HIV co-infection and the risk of life-threatening Chagas Disease Reactivation (CDR), this study aimed to analyze the major co-infection clinical characteristics and its mortality rates.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional retrospective multicenter study of patients with CD confirmed by two serological or one parasitological tests, and HIV infection confirmed by immunoblot. CDR was diagnosed by direct microscopy with detection of trypomastigote forms in the blood or other biological fluids and/or amastigote forms in inflammatory lesions.ResultsOut of 241 patients with co-infection, 86.7% were from Brazil, 47.5% had ConclusionThis study showed major features on T. cruzi-HIV co-infection and highlighted the prognostic role of CD4+ cells for reactivation and mortality. Since lethality was high in meningoencephalitis and all untreated patients died shortly after the diagnosis, early diagnosis, immediate antiparasitic treatment, patient follow-up and epidemiological surveillance are essentials in T. cruzi/HIV co-infection and CDR managements

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data