The importance of the study of anatomy to the figure artist

Anatomy is of little use to the student if he has not grasped how to draw form, but it helps him to invent form. Without an understanding of how to invent, we can only make flat plans of the anatomy inside the outline; but once the drawing of bones and structure has been understood, all the anatomy that the student knows may be to his advantage. An artist must know as much science as he can use. If he knows more, there is a chance that sciences will use him. It is the structure of the body he must grasp and the way anatomy works. Knowing the parts by name is merely a convenience. If we can master Figure Drawing, even to a limited extent, we shall be well prepared to draw anything, and of all things in nature we are most critical of the human body round which there are gathered the deepest associations of idealism and instinct. However, the ideal in Art and in Nature is best understood as a standard from which to deviate, rather than as a scheme to impose on form. Rules are made to be broke, but they cannot be broken until they are understood. The creative force is given to few, but each one of us, layman or artist, cherishes a spark that may - who knows - start in another artist a conflagration. Then whether the work produced the trivial or profound, the student of Life may give thanks that he pursues an ageless quest of inexhaustible allure

Social Learning of Safety in Degus

Learning to fear a dangerous situation is an essential survival skill. However, the inability to extinguish a learned fear response can lead to anxiety disorders. In this study we attempted to determine whether fear memories could be extinguished through social learning. We analyzed data collected in an experiment using degus (Octodon degus) in which one experienced individual observed a naive cagemate entering and exploring a dangerous environment. The experienced degu was conditioned in a chamber which contained a “danger” side (a partition in which they could receive a foot shock) and a “safe” side (where they would receive no shock), separated by a neutral, “viewing” area. After conditioning, the naive cagemate, who had no previous experience with the box or the shock, was placed in the chamber with the experienced degu. The study was originally designed to test whether the experienced degu would show fear (empathy) for the naive cagemate; however, preliminary analyses showed no evidence for this. To test whether the social exposure reduced fear for the danger side (social fear extinction), we examined whether the experienced degu still avoided the danger side in subsequent sessions. The total amount of time the experienced degu spent in the danger room did was not significantly higher following testing with their naïve cagemate compared with following testing with an object (paired t-test, p = 0.11; alpha = 0.1 based on a one-tailed test). However, when time on the danger side was considered relative to time spent in the safe partition (thus controlling for movement around the environment), avoidance of the danger side was found to be significantly higher following testing with an object (paired t-test, p = 0.058). The data are therefore consistent with the possibility that rodents can learn that a region of space is “safe” by observing others behaving normally in that space

Comparison of Three Measures of Stuttering Severity

Various measures of severity of stuttering are available and are used both clinically and experimentally. Information concerning the relationships among these various measures thus should be useful in planning effective therapy or in designing experiments. In a previous study Sherman and Trotter (4) evaluated the relationship between two measures of the severity of stuttering. One measure was the mean scale value of severity of individual moments of stuttering derived from listeners\u27 responses; the other measure was frequency of stuttering. Measures were taken on tape-recorded readings of a 500-word passage. The obtained estimate of the strength of relationship was a Pearson r of .61

Distribution of GABA A and GABA B receptors in mammalian brain: Potential targets for drug development

GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. GABA receptors and the metabolism of GABA are significant targets for new centrally acting drugs to treat neurological and behavioral disorders. The simple neutral amino acid is likely to subserve a neurotransmitter role at 25–50% of all synapses in the central nervous system. GABA's actions are mediated by two different receptors, GABA A and GABA B receptors. GABA A receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels that are sensitive to the convulsant alkaloid bicuculline and modulated by benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA B receptors affect calcium and potassium conductance through GTP binding proteins and are insensitive to bicuculline and sensitive to the agonist baclofen. Both receptors are widely distributed in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50215/1/430210303_ftp.pd

Product strategies for packaged software : an exploratory analysis of the spreadsheet market

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1993.Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-113).by Donna D. Mayo and Daniel A. Young.M.S

Relationship Between Pre-reading Behavior Patterns and Success of Specific Reading Methods with Kindergarten Children

Elementary Educatio

Integrating true multilingual capabilities into an Institutional Repository : Building the World Health Organization's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing

Introduction In a global context, how do we facilitate the dissemination and access if the material in a repository is primarily searchable and retrievable in only in one or two languages? It has been observed that there is much research and public health guidelines that goes unknown to large numbers of researchers, health workers and to the general public when they are only able to access in one language or another. How do we promote integration of various information sources in an international organization with 147 country offices, six regional offices and one headquarters, and with material being published in 6 official languages and 53 non-official languages? Research ethics should start considering, at design stage, the outreach of methods used and results obtained beyond the boundaries of the research language. Access to information in as many languages as possible should become a major component of any accessibilityrelated debate

Integrating true multilingual capabilities into an Institutional Repository : Building the World Health Organization's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing

Introduction In a global context, how do we facilitate the dissemination and access if the material in a repository is primarily searchable and retrievable in only in one or two languages? It has been observed that there is much research and public health guidelines that goes unknown to large numbers of researchers, health workers and to the general public when they are only able to access in one language or another. How do we promote integration of various information sources in an international organization with 147 country offices, six regional offices and one headquarters, and with material being published in 6 official languages and 53 non-official languages? Research ethics should start considering, at design stage, the outreach of methods used and results obtained beyond the boundaries of the research language. Access to information in as many languages as possible should become a major component of any accessibilityrelated debate