The symptomatology of aneurysmal bone cyst : the value of diagnostic imaging

Background: An aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign lesion occurring mainly in children. Generally it is found in the metaphyses of long bones and in flat bones. Osteolysis, bone expansion, thinning of the cortex, osseous septa and fluid levels belong to the typical imaging findings in ABC cases. The purpose of the study was to determine the value of imaging methods: plain x-ray films, US, CT and MRI for the diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst and to work out the diagnostic algorithm for an ABC suspected on plain radiograms. Material/Methods: The material consists of 72 patients (44 boys, 28 girls) aged 2-23 years (mean age 12 yrs) with bone lesions diagnosed as aneurysmal bone cysts on pathologic examination. In all patients, plain radiographs were performed, in 26 - sonography (US), in 41 - computed tomography (CT), in 8 - magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All the examinations were analyzed according to own system of evaluation of typical presentation in the particular methods. The histopathological diagnosis was established after biopsy or surgery. Results: The aneurysmal bone cysts were most frequently located in the long bones of the lower limbs (43%), in the long bones of the upper limbs (26.4%) and in flat bones (25%). The localization was mainly in the bone methaphyses (56.6%). On pathological examination, primary ABC was diagnosed in 65.3% of cases, secondary ABC in 23.6%, ABC and concomitant osteitis in 7%, ABC and giant cell tumor in 2.7%, ABC and chondrosarcoma in 1.4%. The application of four methods resulted in 72.2% consistency between diagnostic imaging and pathological examination. In case of only one method used the consistency was 75% for MRI, 63% for CT, 55.4% for plain films and 50% for US. In 100% of misdiagnosed cases there were no septa within osteolytic lesions on plain films, whereas in 43.8% features of malignancy were found. In 53% of misdiagnosed cases no fluid levels were observed on CT and in 69% on US. Conclusions: 1. The diagnosis of aneurismal bone cyst based on plain radiography is possible in cases with typical radiological signs. 2. Application of other methods significantly increases the percentage of correct diagnoses. 3. Lack of fluid levels does not exclude the diagnosis of ABC. 4. Imaging features of malignancy do not exclude the diagnosis of ABC

Detection and molecular analysis of Hop latent virus and Hop latent viroid in hop samples from Poland

Die Überwachung von Viruskrankheiten bei Pflanzen ist wichtig für die Durchführung frühzeitiger Kontrollmaßnahmen und die Verhinderung der weiteren Ausbreitung der Erreger. In Polen wurde im Jahr 2004 ein Programm zur Eliminierung von Viren und Viroiden im Hopfen gestartet. In den Jahren 2012/13 wurden in vitro Pflanzen, Proben aus der IUNG-PIB Versuchsstation und aus kommerziellen polnischen Hopfengärten auf das Hop latent virus, Hop latent viroid und Hop stunt viroid getestet. Für die Virus­testung wurden RT-PCR und ELISA eingesetzt. Die Viroide wurden mittels RT-PCR nachgewiesen. Insgesamt war die Nachweishäufigkeit für Viren und Viroide geringer als vor dem Start des Programms. Klonierung und Sequenzierung lassen den Schluss zu, dass das Hop latent virus und das Hop latent viroid aus den polnischen Proben den „type“ Sequenzen und den tschechischen Viren/Viroiden sehr ähnlich sind. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2014.07.04, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2014.07.04Monitoring the occurrence of virus diseases in plants is important for the implementation of early control measures and prevention of further disease spread. In Poland, in 2004 a health programme for hop was started to eliminate viruses and viroids. In 2012/13, in vitro plants, samples from the IUNG-PIB experimental station and commercial hop gardens in Poland were tested for Hop latent virus (HpLV), and Hop latent and Hop stunt viroids (HpLVd and HpSVd). For virus testing, RT-PCR and ELISA methods were used. In order to detect hop viroids, RT-PCR was employed. The overall incidence of HpLV and hop viroids was lower than reported before the start of the programme. Cloning and sequencing revealed that the HpLV and the HpLVd from Polish sources are very similar to the type sequences and the Czech sources. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2014.07.04, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2014.07.0

Development and cytometric evaluation of interspecific F1 hybrids Nicotiana tabacum × N. africana

One of the most important threats to tobacco cultivation is the Potato virus Y (PVY). Sources of resistance to PVY are found both in Nicotiana tabacum cultivars and in wild Nicotiana species. The high variability of the virus and the ability to break the existing resistance make it necessary to search for new resistance sources or to combine the ones that are already known. The aim of the study was to combine va resistance of two cultivars VAM and Wiślica, showing resistance to most PVY isolates, with the wild Nicotiana africana species, which is immune to all known PVY isolates. Due to the significant genetic distance between these species, the seedlings of the obtained F1 hybrids were not viable. In order to obtain viable hybrids, cotyledon in vitro cultures were used. Growth and development of the callus, as well as plant regeneration were differentiated depending on the maternal component used in the crossing with N. africana. The cotyledons of hybrids derived from cultivar VAM regenerated more efficiently, as 88 amphihaploid hybrid plants were obtain from this maternal parent. In contrast, only 27 amphihaploid hybrid plants were derived from cultivar Wiślica. Infertility of amphihaploid plants hampered their use in the breeding process. In order to restore fertility, the process of organogenesis from stem piths under in vitro conditions, was used. The degree of ploidy of regenerated plants was determined using flow cytometry. Despite the use of the same in vitro culture conditions for all the objects, a significant influence of the maternal component on the number of obtained regenerants and on the degree of their ploidy level was observed

Far Red and Red as Factors Forming Physiological Processes in Spring Barley under Controlled Conditions

Solar radiation is a very important energy source for life on Earth and especially for the proper growth and development of plants. Its spectral composition is necessary for a main physiological process in a plant’s life—photosynthesis. In practical agriculture, plants are cultivated in the stand, which causes neighboring plants not only to compete for water and nutrients but also for light. Living in such an environment, plants have developed different mechanisms for dealing with shading. An aim of the studies conducted here was to determine the effect of the red (R) and far red (FR) range of spectral composition on gas exchange and the other physiological features of spring barley plants. The experiment was conducted in two growth chambers with different spectral compositions of radiation. Spring barley was grown in Mitscherlich pots. The physiological features measured during the two barley developmental phases, i.e., seventh and flag leaves, differed depending on the R/FR ratio used in these chambers. Plants that grew under conditions of a high R/FR ratio showed a higher photosynthesis efficiency, intracellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration of water but lower values of the water use efficiency (WUE) index. The leaves of plants treated with this kind of light (higher R/FR ratio) had a greater stomata number and higher content of chlorophyll when compared to plants grown under conditions with a low R/FR ratio

Diversification of defense response to potato virus Y among alloplasmic tobacco forms

Cytoplazmatyczna męska sterylność (cms) jest wykorzystywana w hodowli roślin w celu otrzymania form niezdolnych do samozapylenia, które wykorzystuje się głównie w hodowli odmian mieszańcowych F1. Cytoplazmatycznie męskosterylne rośliny otrzymuje się w wyniku mutacji w genomie cytoplazmatycznym przez podstawienie w miejsce natywnej cytoplazmy innej cytoplazmy pochodzącej z odmiennego gatunku lub krzyżowanie w obrębie gatunku. U podstaw cms leży niezgodność pomiędzy genomem jądra komórkowego i cytoplazmą. Alloplazmatyczne formy wykształcają zmodyfikowane, niefunkcjonalne męskie organy generatywne lub nie wykształcają ich wcale. Przy tym zmiany morfologiczne mogą obejmować także inne części kwiatu, a niekiedy całą roślinę. Obecność obcej cytoplazmy może wpływać też na inne cechy, w tym na odporność roślin na patogeny. Aby określić wpływ obcej cytoplazmy na odporność tytoniu na wirus Y ziemniaka (PVY), wykonano sztuczne inokulacje tytoniu dwoma izolatami PVY o różnej wirulencji. Testom poddano 13 izogenicznych form cytoplazmatycznie męskosterylnych odmiany Zamojska 4 z cytoplazmą pochodzącą od dzikich gatunków z rodzaju Nicotiana, a także formę z cytoplazmą cms mutanta otrzymanego w obrębie gatunku N. tabacum. Odporność roślin oceniano na podstawie objawów chorobowych oraz wyników testu immunoenzymatycznego DAS-ELISA. Zaobserwowano różnice zarówno w nasileniu objawów chorobowych, jak i w terminie ich wystąpienia od momentu zakażenia roślin. Zróżnicowanie badanych form alloplazmatycznych pod względem odpowiedzi na infekcję wirusową pozwala przypuszczać, że mechanizmy odporności na PVY mogą być związane z określoną formą cytoplazmy.Cytoplasmic male sterility is used in plant breeding to obtainforms incapable of self-pollination, which are utilized mainlyin breeding of hybrid cultivars. It is based on incompatibilitybetween the cell nucleus and cytoplasm because cytoplasmicmale sterile plants are obtained by mutation in the cytoplasmicgenome or by substitution of the native cytoplasm with anotherthat of a different species. Alloplasmic forms develop modified,non-functional male generative organs or do not develop themat all. Morphological changes may involve other parts of flowersand sometimes a whole plant. An alien cytoplasm may alsoaffect other traits, including resistance to pathogens. In order todetermine the effect of alien cytoplasm on tobacco resistance toPotato virus Y (PVY), artificial inoculations with two virus isolatesdiffering in virulence were performed. The test included13 alloplasmic forms of cultivar Zamojska 4 with cytoplasmfrom Nicotiana wild species and a form with cytoplasm fromthe mutant obtained within Nicotiana tabacum. Plant resistancewas assessed on the basis of disease symptoms and DAS-ELISAimmunoenzymatic test results. Differences were observed inthe severity and earliness of disease symptoms. Fertile cultivarZamojska 4 is considered as tolerant to PVY, that is it reacts toinfection with mild symptoms like vein clearing and chloroticspots of the leaves, but not with vein necrosis. In the case ofa combination of cell nucleus from cv. Zamojska 4 and cytoplasmfrom species N. goodspeedii, N. megalosiphon and N.undulata, alloplasmic forms were not completely resistant, butthe level of their tolerance to strong isolate IUNG20 increasedcompared to that in their male fertile isogenomic counterpartand observed symptoms were delayed. In contrast, tolerance ofcms forms with cytoplasm from the species N. eastii, N. occidentalisand N. suaveolens was overcome leading to developingsevere disease symptoms. Unlike the other cms forms, theform with the cytoplasm of N. tabacum mutant reacted witha development of necrotic symptoms to inoculation with isolateIUNG20, but with delayed mild symptoms when inoculatedwith the weaker isolate IUNG21. The diversified reaction ofdifferent isogenomic alloplasmic forms to viral infection suggeststhat the mechanisms of defense responses depended onthe type of cytoplasm

Resistance Response of the Recently Discovered Species Nicotiana mutabilis to Potato virus Y (PVY) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Compared to Other Sources of Resistance

Nicotiana mutabilis is a recently discovered species within the genus Nicotiana. The aim of the present study was to evaluate its resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Molecular analysis was performed to detect the Va gene determining susceptibility to PVY and the SCAR marker associated with resistance to TSWV. Resistance tests were carried out under greenhouse conditions through artificial inoculation with one TSWV and two PVY isolates. In order to confirm the presence of the viruses in plants, DAS-ELISA tests were performed using antibodies against PVY and TSWV. The results indicated the absence of the PVY susceptibility gene and the presence of the TSWV resistance gene in the genome of N. mutabilis. This species was considered tolerant to the two PVY isolates tested because, despite the positive DAS-ELISA results, the infected plants showed vein clearing and chlorotic spots but no vein necrosis. As a result of TSWV inoculation, N. mutabilis showed a hypersensitive response; however, after four months, 30% of the inoculated plants showed systemic infection. This species extends the genetic variation in the genus Nicotiana and, because of its tolerance to PVY and partial resistance to TSWV, it may be a potential source of resistance to these viruses

Diversification of resistance response of selected tobacco cultivars (Nicotiana tabacum) depending on the used potato virus Y isolates

Wirus Y ziemniaka (Potato virus Y, PVY) powoduje brunatną nekrozę nerwów liści tytoniu. W obrębie gatunku Nicotiana tabacum odporność na PVY warunkowana jest pojedynczym recesywnym genem va powstałym w wyniku delecji w genie podatności Va. Odporność tę posiada wiele odmian uprawnych tytoniu, jednak może być ona przełamywana przez zjadliwe izolaty PVY, dlatego konieczne jest poszukiwanie nowych źródeł odporności lub łączenie czynników odporności już poznanych. Celem pracy była identyfikacja odmian mających odporność typu va oraz ocena jej skuteczności wobec czterech izolatów PVY, a także poszukiwanie nowych czynników odporności. Przebadano odporność 25 odmian tytoniu poprzez wykonanie testów biologicznych metodą inokulacji izolatami PVY w warunkach szklarniowych oraz zastosowanie testu DAS-ELISA w celu potwierdzenia obecności wirusa w inokulowanych roślinach. Identyfikację genu va prowadzono metodą PCR poprzez amplifikację dwóch markerów genu podatności Va. W odmianach posiadających gen odporności va nie dochodziło do amplifikacji produktów. Najwyższą odpornością charakteryzowała się odmiana VAM, która nie została porażona słabszymi izolatami, chociaż izolaty silne spowodowały nekrozę nerwów. Niższą odpornością cechowało się 6 odmian, które nie wykazały objawów chorobowych po zastosowaniu izolatu słabego. Pozostałe odmiany posiadające czynnik typu va zostały porażone przez wszystkie izolaty. Kolejnych pięć odmian, posiadających gen podatności Va, wykazało objawy tolerancji na zakażenie użytymi izolatami PVY. Odmiana Węgierski Ogrodowy, pomimo obecności genu podatności (Va), nie została porażona przez izolat słaby.Potato virus Y (PVY) causes tobacco veinal necrosis. It be-longs to the group of ten most dangerous plant viruses respon-sible for large economic losses. Within the species Nicotiana tabacum, the resistance to this virus is conditioned by the single recessive va gene resulting from a deletion in the susceptibility Va gene. Many tobacco cultivars have this resistance, including VAM, Wiślica and Virginia SCR (V. SCR). However, their resist-ance is overcome by the virulent PVY isolates, so it is necessary to search for new sources of resistance or combine ones already known. The aim of the study was to identify cultivars with va resist-ance, and to assess its effectiveness depending on the used PVY isolate. Research also included the search for new resistance fac-tors within Nicotiana tabacum cultivars. Twenty five tobacco cultivars were tested for resistance to PVY in biological tests by artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Four virus iso-lates with different levels of virulence were used for the studies. After four weeks, disease symptoms were observed, and DAS-ELISA tests were performed using specific antibodies to confirm the presence of the virus in plants. The tested cultivars showed a different degree of PVY susceptibility depending on the used isolate. The identification of the va gene was carried out by using PCR for amplification of two markers of the length 146 and 402 bp. The presence of amplicons indicated the presence of Va sus-ceptibility gene, while cultivars with the va resistance gene did not amplify the products. The highest resistance was character-istic of cv. VAM which was not infected with isolates IUNG 23 and IUNG 17, defined as weak and medium, although the remain-ing isolates, described as strong (IUNG 22 and IUNG20), caused vein necrosis and the presence of the virus was confirmed in plant tissues by a positive DAS-ELISA test result. Six cultivars that did not show disease symptoms only after applying the weak isolate, had a slightly lower resistance. Other cultivars with va resistance were infected by all used PVY isolates. Another five cultivars, after infection with four isolates, showed symptoms of tolerance, i.e. vein clearing and chlorotic spots of a leaf blade, but they did not have vein necrosis, in spite of that molecular tests confirmed the presence of Va susceptibility gene. Moreover, interesting re-sults were noted for cv. Węgierski Ogrodowy, that, despite the presence of the susceptibility gene, was not infected by weak isolate IUNG23. The last group included susceptible cultivars that reacted with vein necrosis to all used PVY isolates. Since virulent PVY isolates are able to break va resistance, the knowledge of the nature and stability of the resistance of cul-tivars is particularly important, especially within Polish cultivars. In addition, the rising number of necrotic isolates in Poland and in the world, capable of breaking existing sources of resistance, can cause an increased use of tolerant cultivars in tobacco breeding

Inheritance of Potato virus Y tolerance introgressed from Nicotiana africana to cultivated tobacco

Potato virus Y (PVY) is an important pathogen of to- bacco. Growing resistant cultivars is the best way to prevent si- gnificant losses of the crop caused by this virus. However, the protection given by the commonly used resistance factor, called va gene, can be overcome by the highly virulent PVY strains. Therefore, tobacco breeding for resistance will benefit from intro- ducing additional PVY resistance/tolerance factors. BPA is a to- bacco breeding line with introgressed PVY tolerance from a wild species N. africana. This trait is effective against a wide range of PVY isolates, including the ones that overcome va resistance. Here, we describe the inheritance of PVY tolerance of BPA. We obtained F1 and F2 plants from reciprocal crosses between BPA and a susceptible tobacco cultivar BP-210. Then we performed me- chanical inoculation tests using sap from PVY infected leaves on both generations of plants. Four weeks later we recorded disease symptoms and subjected all experimental plants to DAS-ELISA tests. All F1 plants developed vein necrosis which confirmed their susceptibility to the virus. The proportion of susceptible and tole- rant plants in the F2 fitted 3:1 ratio which was expected under the assumption that the tolerance is determined by a single, recessive gene. Moreover, the proportion of the susceptible and tolerant in- dividuals did not differ between two F2 populations derived from crosses where BPA was used as a maternal plant or a pollen do- nor, hence cytoplasmic factors do not influence the tolerance of that breeding line

Trudności w diagnostyce guza okołonerkowego u rocznego dziecka z nadciśnieniem tętniczym nerkopochodnym

Background: Systemic hypertension is less common in children than in adults, but the incidence of hypertension In children is approximately 1-5%. Hypertension in younger children is usually indicative of an underlying disease process (secondary hypertension). In children, approximately 5-25% of secondary hypertension is attributable to renovasular disease. Case Report: The authors present the case of a 1-year-old child with perirenal tumor and renovascular hypertension. This caused clinical and diagnostic difficulties. Conclusions: Renal vessel malformation is a very uncommon congenital anomaly. It can be a cause of renovascular hypertension. Diagnosis was based on tests in the following order: USG, CT, MR, CT-angiography, and histopathology. Surgical treatment and nephrectomy was necessary; renal arteries were involved