SCI1 Is a Direct Target of AGAMOUS and WUSCHEL and Is Specifically Expressed in the Floral Meristematic Cells

The specified floral meristem will develop a pre-established number of floral organs and, thus, terminate the floral meristematic cells. The floral meristematic pool of cells is controlled, among some others, by WUSCHEL (WUS) and AGAMOUS (AG) transcription factors (TFs). Here, we demonstrate that the SCI1 (Stigma/style cell-cycle inhibitor 1) gene, a cell proliferation regulator, starts to be expressed since the floral meristem specification of Nicotiana tabacum and is expressed in all floral meristematic cells. Its expression is higher in the floral meristem and the organs being specified, and then it decreases from outside to inside whorls when the organs are differentiating. SCI1 is co-expressed with N. tabacum WUSCHEL (NtWUS) in the floral meristem and the whorl primordia at very early developmental stages. Later in development, SCI1 is co-expressed with NAG1 (N. tabacum AG) in the floral meristem and specialized tissues of the pistil. In silico analyses identified cis-regulatory elements for these TFs in the SCI1 genomic sequence. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoresis mobility shift assay demonstrated that both TFs interact with the SCI1 promoter sequence. Additionally, the luciferase activity assay showed that NAG1 clearly activates SCI1 expression, while NtWUS could not do so. Taken together, our results suggest that during floral development, the spatiotemporal regulation of SCI1 by NtWUS and NAG1 may result in the maintenance or termination of proliferative cells in the floral meristem, respectively

Molecular Overview On Plant Somatic Embryogenesis

The developmental pathway leading to plant somatic embryogenesis (SE) is true demonstration of totipotency of plant cells. During this process, somatic cells, under appropriate conditions, divide and differentiate into embryos. This developmental pathway plays an important role as an efficient means for plant regeneration and large-scale propagation. It includes a profound reprogramming of gene expression leading to changes in cell division and differentiation patterns, becoming a suitable platform to study the morpho-physiological and molecular aspects involved in plant cell differentiation and embryo development. Plant growth regulators such as auxin, as well as stress factors and DNA methylation, are key components to induce entry into SE pathways. Proteome and transcriptome analysis allowed isolation and characterization of embryogenic-specific gene markers involved in promoting vegetative-to- embryogenic transition as well as in maturation of somatic embryos contributing to the understanding of complex relationships between inductive conditions and somatic embryo formation. This review describes current advances made, mainly at the molecular level, in discovery of the main factors involved in the induction and maturation of somatic embryos providing a basic background for understanding genetic reprogramming that is at the heart of this process. 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In Vitro Plant Regeneration And De Novo Differentiation Of Secretory Trichomes In Passiflora Foetida L. (passifloraceae)

The only species in the genus Passiflora (Passifloraceae) known to produce resin glands is P. foetida. These glands are secretory trichomes mainly present on the floral bracts and leaf stipules. The secretion produced by these glands has received attention recently due to the presence of substances with pharmacological properties. Attempts to apply in vitro cell culture methods for the large scale production of highly valuable metabolites has been rather limited due to the fact that these compounds are produced by highly differentiated secretory cells in trichomes which are seldom obtained or because differentiation is inhibited by in vitro conditions. Here we describe the in vitro plant regeneration of P. foetida obtained via organogenesis, using mature zygotic embryos as explants. Differentiated plantlets and, more important, the de novo differentiation of secretory trichomes in vitro could be observed in less than 30 days. There was a clear effect of the concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the culture media on the regeneration of plants and on the differentiation of glandular trichomes. 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Rapid Touch-stimulated Movement In The Androgynophore Of Passiflora Flowers (subgen. Decaloba; Sect. Xerogona): An Adaptation To Enhance Cross-pollination?

Plant touch-sensitive organs have been described since Darwin's observations and are related to a quick response to environment stimuli. Sensitive flower organs have been associated to an increase in the chances of cross pollination but there are few studies regarding this topic. Here we describe for the first time the kinetic of the androgynophore movement of 4 Passiflora species (P. sanguinolenta, P. citrina, P. capsularis, and P. rubra). For that, we collected flowers and recorded the movement after mechano-stimulating the androgynophore. From the recordings, we described the movement regarding its response and sensibility to mechanical stimulus and calculated the duration, speed, and the angle formed by the androgynophore before and after the movement. From our data we were able to propose a link to the pollination habit of these species. The movement of the androgynophore in these Passiflora is a noteworthy floral feature that might lead us to another astonishing example of a mechanism that evolved among angiosperms to assure sexual reproduction. © 2014 Landes Bioscience.9JANMartén-Rodríguez, S., Fenster, C.B., Agnarsson, I., Skog, L.E., Zimmer, E.A., Evolutionary breakdown of pollination specialization in a Caribbean plant radiation (2010) New Phytol, 188, pp. 403-417. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03330.x, PMID:20561209Fenster, C.B., Martén-Rodriguez, S., Reproductive assurance and the evolution of pollination specialization (2007) Int J Plant Sci, 168, pp. 215-228. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/509647Bartkowska, M.P., Johnston, M.O., Pollinators cause stronger selection than herbivores on floral traits in Lobelia cardinalis (Lobeliaceae) (2012) New Phytol, 193, pp. 1039-1048. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04013.x, PMID:22225567De Witt, S.S., Using phylogenetics to detect pollinator-mediated floral evolution (2010) New Phytol, 188, pp. 354-363. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03292.x, PMID:20497346Braam, J., In touch: Plant responses to mechanical stimuli (2005) New Phytol, 165, pp. 373-389. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01263.x, PMID:15720650Scorza, L.C., Dornelas, M.C., Plants on the move: Towards common mechanisms governing mechanicallyinduced plant movements (2011) Plant Signal Behav, 6, pp. 1979-1986. , http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.12.18192, PMID:22231201Jaffe, M., Gibson, C., Biro, R., Physiological Studies of Mechanically Stimulated Motor Responses of Flower Parts. 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Characterization of the Thigmotropic Stamens of Portulaca grandifolora Hook (1977) Bot Gaz, 138, pp. 438-447. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/336946Schlindwein, C., Wittmann, D., Stamen movements in flowers of Opuntia (Cactaceae) favour oligolectic pollinators (1997) Plant Syst Evol, 204, pp. 179-193. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989204Fleurat-Lessard, P., Millet, B., Ultrastructural features of cortical parenchyma cells (motor cells) in stamen filaments of Berberis canadensis Mill and tertiary pulvini of Mimosa pudica L (1984) J Exp Bot, 35, pp. 1332-1341. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/35.9.1332Liu, Z.J., Chen, L.J., Liu, K.W., Li, L.Q., Rao, W.H., A floral organ moving like a caterpillar for pollinating (2010) J Syst Evol, 48, pp. 102-108. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00065.xUlmer, T., Macdougal, J.M., (2004) Passiflora: Passionflowers of the World, , Oregon, USA: Timber Press, IncMuschner, V.C., Lorenz, A.P., Cervi, A.C., Bonatto, S.L., Souza-Chies, T.T., Salzano, F.M., Freitas, L.B., A first molecular phylogenetic analysis of Passiflora (Passifloraceae) (2003) Am J Bot, 90, pp. 1229-1238. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.8.1229, PMID:21659223Krosnick, S.E., Freudenstein, J.V., Monophyly and floral character homology of old world Passiflora (Subgenus Decaloba: Supersection Disemma) (2005) Syst Bot, 30, pp. 139-152. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/0363644053661959Varassin, I.G., Trigo, J.R., Sazima, M., The role of nectar production, flower pigments and odour in the pollination of four species of Passiflora (Passifloraceae) in south-eastern Brazil (2001) Bot J Linn Soc, 136, pp. 139-152. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb00563.xLindberg, A.B., Olesen, J.M., The fragility of extreme specialization: Passiflora mixta and its pollinating hummingbird Ensifera ensifera (2001) J Trop Ecol, 17, pp. 323-329. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001213Fischer, E., Leal, I.R., Effect of nectar secretion rate on pollination success of Passiflora coccinea (Passifloraceae) in the Central Amazon (2006) Braz J Biol, 66 (2 B), pp. 747-754. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000400019, PMID:16906307Beavon, M.A., Kelly, D., Invasional meltdown: Pollination of the invasive liana Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Passifloraceae) in New Zealand (2012) N Z J Ecol, 36, pp. 100-107Faria, F.S., Stehmann, J.R., Biologia reprodutiva de Passiñora capsularis L. e P. pohlii Mast. 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Identifying Eucalyptus Expressed Sequence Tags Related To Arabidopsis Flowering-time Pathway Genes

Flowering initiation depends on the balanced expression of a complex network of genes that is regulated by both endogenous and environmental factors. The timing of the initiation of flowering is crucial for the reproductive success of plants; therefore, they have developed conserved molecular mechanisms to integrate both environmental and endogenous cues to regulate flowering time precisely. Extensive advances in plant biology are possible now that the complete genome sequences of flowering plants is available and plant genomes can be comprehensively compared. Thus, association studies are emerging as powerful tools for the functional identification of genes involved on the regulation of flowering pathways. In this paper we report the results of our search in the Eucalyptus Genome Sequencing Project Consortium (FORESTS) database for expressed sequence tags (ESTs) showing sequence homology with known elements of flowering-time pathways. 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Vacuolar Remodelling Mediates Touch-induced Androgynophore Movement In Passiflora (subg. Decaloba, Sect. Xerogona) Flowers

Some species of the genus Passiflora (sect. Xerogona) have flowers that exhibit a mechanically-induced movement of the androgynophore that is probably involved in pollination. Despite the many reports of touch-induced movements of floral parts, the studies concerning anatomical, ultrastructural and molecular aspects of the plant movements are restricted to the vegetative parts. Rapid plant movements are highly dependent on turgor changes of a particular flexible tissue formed by specialized cells capable of losing and gaining water rapidly. Thigmotropic androgynophores of four species of Passiflora from section Xerogona were analyzed at cellular and subcellular levels. Our results show that the movement is due to a vacuolar remodelling in a group of parenchymatous cells at the base of the androgynophore. After the movement, plasmolyzed and multivacuolated cells are present at the stimulated side and turgid and univacuolated cells at the opposite side. 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