Postnatal Tshz3 Deletion Drives Altered Corticostriatal Function and Autism Spectrum Disorder–like Behavior

International audienceBACKGROUND: Heterozygous deletion of the TSHZ3 gene, encoding for the teashirt zinc-finger homeobox family member 3 (TSHZ3) transcription factor that is highly expressed in cortical projection neurons (CPNs), has been linked to an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) syndrome. Similarly, mice with Tshz3 haploinsufficiency show ASD-like behavior, paralleled by molecular changes in CPNs and corticostriatal synaptic dysfunctions. Here, we aimed at gaining more insight into "when" and "where" TSHZ3 is required for the proper development of the brain, and its deficiency crucial for developing this ASD syndrome. METHODS: We generated and characterized a novel mouse model of conditional Tshz3 deletion, obtained by crossing Tshz3 flox/flox with CaMKIIalpha-Cre mice, in which Tshz3 is deleted in CPNs from postnatal day 2 to 3 onward. We characterized these mice by a multilevel approach combining genetics, cell biology, electrophysiology, behavioral testing, and bioinformatics. RESULTS: These conditional Tshz3 knockout mice exhibit altered cortical expression of more than 1000 genes, w50% of which have their human orthologue involved in ASD, in particular genes encoding for glutamatergic syn-apse components. Consistently, we detected electrophysiological and synaptic changes in CPNs and impaired corticostriatal transmission and plasticity. Furthermore, these mice showed strong ASD-like behavioral deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals a crucial postnatal role of TSHZ3 in the development and functioning of the corticostriatal circuitry and provides evidence that dysfunction in these circuits might be determinant for ASD pathogenesis. Our conditional Tshz3 knockout mouse constitutes a novel ASD model, opening the possibility for an early postnatal therapeutic window for the syndrome linked to TSHZ3 haploinsufficiency

Consequences of conditional Tshz3 deletion in corticostriatal circuitry : implication in autism spectrum disorder

Dès les stades précoces du développement et jusqu’à l’âge adulte, le facteur de transcription TSHZ3 est fortement exprimé dans les neurones pyramidaux (PNs) du cortex. Les PNs de la couche V forment la synapse cortico-striée en contactant les neurones épineux moyens (MSNs) du striatum. A ce niveau, l’expression de TSHZ3 n’est pas retrouvée dans les MSNs mais dans les interneurones cholinergiques (CINs). Des données récentes ont établi un lien entre délétion hétérozygote du gène TSHZ3/Tshz3, troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) et dysfonctionnement de la circuiterie cortico-striée (Caubit et al., Nat Genet 2016). Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de TSHZ3 dans la circuiterie cortico-striée, nous avons caractérisé deux modèles murins de délétion conditionnelle de Tshz3, ciblant soit les neurones de projection à partir de la période postnatale (souris Tshz3-pnCxKO), soit les neurones cholinergiques à partir de la période embryonnaire (souris Tshz3-ChATCre). Chez les souris Tshz3-pnCxKO, la perte de TSHZ3 entraîne une moindre excitabilité des PNs de la couche V, ainsi qu’une diminution de la probabilité de libération du glutamate par leurs afférences. Nous montrons également une profonde altération du fonctionnement de la synapse cortico-striée. Chez les souris Tshz3-ChATCre, nous montrons que la perte de Tshz3 modifie les propriétés membranaires et de décharge d’une proportion des CINs, qui sont les seuls neurones cholinergiques de l'encéphale exprimant TSHZ3 de façon importante. Ces changements fonctionnels suggèrent que TSHZ3 joue un rôle clé dans le développement des PNs du cortex, de la voie cortico-striée et des CINs, confirmant son implication dans les TSA.The zinc-finger transcription factor TSHZ3 is highly expressed by cortical projection neurons (PNs) from embryonic stages to adulthood, including layer V pyramidal neurons that project to the striatum. There, TSHZ3 is expressed by cholinergic interneurons (CINs) but not by the main targets of PNs, i.e. the medium spiny neurons. Interestingly, recent evidences link heterozygous TSHZ3/Tshz3 gene deletion to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to corticostrial circuitry dysfunction (Caubit et al., Nat Genet 2016). In order to provide further insights on the role of Tshz3 in the corticostriatal circuitry, we have characterized two conditional KO mouse models in which its expression is lost either in projection neurons at early postnatal stage (Tshz3-pnCxKO) or in cholinergic cells beginning at embryonic stage (Tshz3-ChATCre). In Tshz3-pnCxKO mice, we confirmed that Tshz3 expression is lost in glutamatergic PNs without altering their number. Our electrophysiological study revealed that layer V PNs are less excitable and that glutamate release probability from their afferents is decreased. We also found dramatic changes of both corticostriatal synaptic transmission and plasticity. In ChAT-Cre mice, we found that Tshz3 is expressed in the striatum by almost 100% of CINs, while it is little or no expressed in the other cholinergic nuclei of the brain. Interestingly, the loss of Tshz3 impacts the spontaneous firing pattern of a subpopulation of CINs without altering their number. These functional changes suggest that TSHZ3 plays a key role in PNs, corticostriatal pathway and CINs development, supporting its implication in ASD

Zona incerta distributes a broad movement signal that modulates behavior

The zona incerta is a subthalamic nucleus made up mostly of GABAergic neurons. It has wide-ranging inputs and outputs and is believed to have many integrative functions that link sensory stimuli with motor responses to guide behavior. However, its role is not well established perhaps because few studies have measured the activity of zona incerta neurons in behaving animals under different conditions. To record the activity of zona incerta neurons during exploratory and cue-driven goal-directed behaviors, we used electrophysiology in head-fixed mice moving on a spherical treadmill and fiber photometry in freely moving mice. We found two groups of neurons based on their sensitivity to movement, with a minority of neurons responding to whisker stimuli. Furthermore, zona incerta GABAergic neurons robustly code the occurrence of exploratory and goal-directed movements, but not their direction. To understand the function of these activations, we performed genetically targeted lesions and optogenetic manipulations of zona incerta GABAergic neurons during exploratory and goal-directed behaviors. The results showed that the zona incerta has a role in modulating the movement associated with these behaviors, but this has little impact on overall performance. Zona incerta neurons distribute a broad corollary signal of movement occurrence to their diverse projection sites, which regulates behavior

Camk2a-Cre and Tshz3 Expression in Mouse Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder

International audienceCamk2a-Cre mice have been widely used to study the postnatal function of several genes in forebrain projection neurons, including cortical projection neurons (CPNs) and striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs). We linked heterozygous deletion of TSHZ3/Tshz3 gene to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and used Camk2a-Cre mice to investigate the postnatal function of Tshz3, which is expressed by CPNs but not MSNs. Recently, single-cell transcriptomics of the adult mouse striatum revealed the expression of Camk2a in interneurons and showed Tshz3 expression in striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCINs), which are attracting increasing interest in the field of ASD. These data and the phenotypic similarity between the mice with Tshz3 haploinsufficiency and Camk2a-Cre-dependent conditional deletion of Tshz3 (Camk2a-cKO) prompted us to better characterize the expression of Tshz3 and the activity of Camk2a-Cre transgene in the striatum. Here, we show that the great majority of Tshz3expressing cells are SCINs and that all SCINs express Tshz3. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrate that the Camk2a-Cre transgene is expressed in the SCIN lineage where it can efficiently elicit the deletion of the Tshz3-floxed allele. Moreover, transcriptomic and bioinformatic analysis in Camk2a-cKO mice showed dysregulated striatal expression of a number of genes, including genes whose human orthologues are associated with ASD and synaptic signaling. These findings identifying the expression of the Camk2a-Cre transgene in SCINs lineage lead to a reappraisal of the interpretation of experiments using Camk2a-Cre-dependent gene manipulations. They are also useful to decipher the cellular and molecular substrates of the ASD-related behavioral abnormalities observed in Tshz3 mouse models

Targeted Tshz3 deletion in corticostriatal circuit components segregates core autistic behaviors

We previously linked TSHZ3 haploinsufficiency to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and showed that embryonic or postnatal Tshz3 deletion in mice results in behavioral traits relevant to the two core domains of ASD, namely social interaction deficits and repetitive behaviors. Here, we provide evidence that cortical projection neurons (CPNs) and striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCINs) are two main and complementary players in the TSHZ3-linked ASD syndrome. We show that in the cerebral cortex, TSHZ3 is expressed in CPNs and in a proportion of GABA interneurons, while not in cholinergic interneurons or glial cells. TSHZ3-expressing cells, which are predominantly SCINs in the striatum, represent a low proportion of neurons in the ascending cholinergic projection system. We then characterized two new conditional knockout (cKO) models generated by crossing Tshz3 flox/flox with Emx1-Cre ( Emx1-cKO ) or Chat-Cre ( Chat-cKO ) mice to decipher the respective role of CPNs and SCINs. Emx1-cKO mice show altered excitatory synaptic transmission onto CPNs and plasticity at corticostriatal synapses, with neither cortical neuron loss nor impaired layer distribution. These animals present social interaction deficits but no repetitive patterns of behavior. Chat-cKO mice exhibit no loss of SCINs but changes in the electrophysiological properties of these interneurons, associated with repetitive patterns of behavior without social interaction deficits. Therefore, dysfunction in either CPNs or SCINs segregates with a distinct ASD behavioral trait. These findings provide novel insights onto the implication of the corticostriatal circuitry in ASD by revealing an unexpected neuronal dichotomy in the biological background of the two core behavioral domains of this disorder

Cellular and behavioral outcomes of dorsal striatonigral neuron ablation: new insights into striatal functions

International audienceThe striatum is the input structure of the basal ganglia network that contains heterogeneous neuronal populations, including two populations of projecting neurons called the medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and different types of interneurons. We developed a transgenic mouse model enabling inducible ablation of the striatonigral MSNs constituting the direct pathway by expressing the human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor under the control of the Slc35d3 gene promoter, a gene enriched in striatonigral MSNs. DT injection into the striatum triggered selective elimination of the majority of striatonigral MSNs. DT-mediated ablation of striatonigral MSNs caused selective loss of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum but not in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), suggesting a region-specific critical role of the direct pathway in striatal cholinergic neuron homeostasis. Mice with DT injection into the dorsal striatum showed altered basal and cocaine-induced locomotion and dramatic reduction of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the parkinsonian condition. In addition, these mice exhibited reduced anxiety, revealing a role of the dorsal striatum in the modulation of behaviors involving an emotional component, behaviors generally associated with limbic structures. Altogether, these results highlight the implication of the direct striatonigral pathway in the regulation of heterogeneous functions from cell survival to regulation of motor and emotion-associated behaviors