Scale issues in soil moisture modelling: problems and prospects

Soil moisture storage is an important component of the hydrological cycle and plays a key role in land-surface-atmosphere interaction. The soil-moisture storage equation in this study considers precipitation as an input and soil moisture as a residual term for runoff and evapotranspiration. A number of models have been developed to estimate soil moisture storage and the components of the soil-moisture storage equation. A detailed discussion of the impli cation of the scale of application of these models reports that it is not possible to extrapolate processes and their estimates from the small to the large scale. It is also noted that physically based models for small-scale applications are sufficiently detailed to reproduce land-surface- atmosphere interactions. On the other hand, models for large-scale applications oversimplify the processes. Recently developed physically based models for large-scale applications can only be applied to limited uses because of data restrictions and the problems associated with land surface characterization. It is reported that remote sensing can play an important role in over coming the problems related to the unavailability of data and the land surface characterization of large-scale applications of these physically based models when estimating soil moisture storage.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Simulating maize yield in sub-tropical conditions of southern Brazil using Glam model

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of simulating maize yield in a sub‑tropical region of southern Brazil using the general large area model (Glam). A 16‑year time series of daily weather data were used. The model was adjusted and tested as an alternative for simulating maize yield at small and large spatial scales. Simulated and observed grain yields were highly correlated (r above 0.8; p<0.01) at large scales (greater than 100,000 km2), with variable and mostly lower correlations (r from 0.65 to 0.87; p<0.1) at small spatial scales (lower than 10,000 km2). Large area models can contribute to monitoring or forecasting regional patterns of variability in maize production in the region, providing a basis for agricultural decision making, and Glam‑Maize is one of the alternatives

Freqüência de irrigação em meloeiro cultivado em solo arenoso Irrigation frequency in melon crop cultivated in sandy soil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de cinco freqüências de irrigação na produtividade e na eficiência do uso da água em meloeiro cultivado sob fertirrigação por gotejamento em solo arenoso de Tabuleiro Costeiro do Piauí. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram: F1, F2, F3, F4 e F5, correspondentes às freqüências de irrigação de 0,5, 1, 2, 3 e 4 dias, respectivamente. A freqüência de irrigação influenciou as produtividades comercial e total do meloeiro. As maiores produtividades totais (70,73 t ha-1; 77,99 t ha-1 e 64,21 t ha-1) e comerciais (67,20 t ha-1; 63,88 t ha-1 e 53,67 t ha-1) foram obtidas com as freqüências de 0,5 e de 1 dia, respectivamente. Com aplicações menos freqüentes, houve redução significativa (P<0,01) nas produtividades comercial e total do meloeiro. O peso médio de frutos não foi influenciado pelas freqüências de aplicação de água. A maior e a menor eficiência de uso de água, 24,40 kg m-3 e 14,14 kg m-3, foram obtidas com F1 e F5, respectivamente. As freqüências de irrigação de duas vezes por dia, diária e a cada dois dias, são as recomendadas para o meloeiro cultivado em solo arenoso sob fertirrigação por gotejamento. A eficiência de uso da água no meloeiro é maior quando as freqüências de irrigação são maiores.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of five irrigation frequencies in the productivity and efficience of water use of melon crop cultivated under fertirrigation by drip irrigation in a sandy soil of the Coast Plains of Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was allocated in a randomized complete block design, with five treatments and six replications. The treatments were: F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5, irrigation frequency of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days, respectively. The irrigation frequency affected the marketable and total yield of the melon crop. The highest total (70.73 t ha-1; 77.99 t ha-1 and 64.21 t ha-1) and marketable (62.20 t ha-1; 63.88 t ha-1 and 53.67 t ha-1) yields were obtained with the frequencies of 0.5 and 1 day, respectively. It was observed that for the leastest frequent of water applications there was a significative reduction (P<0.01) of the marketable and total fruit yield of melon crop. The average fruit weight was not affected by the frequency of water application. The highest and the lowest efficiency of water use, 24.40 kg m-3 and 14.14 kg m-3, were obtained with the frequencies of F1 and F5, respectively. The irrigation frequency twice a day, daily and two days are indicated for melon crop cultivated in sand soil by drip irrigation. The efficiency of water use for the melon crop is higher when the irrigation frequencies are higher