Homodyninterferometer zur berührungslosen Schwingungsanalyse

Abstract Different interferometric methods and techniques have been developed, which are used for analysis of mechanical vibration. Some of them are implemented in commercial measurement systems for surface vibration and modal analysis (Speckle and Hologram interferometer) and for investigations of one - point vibrations (Heterodyne technique). The employment of homodyne interferometer was only intended for vibration measurements at objects with high reflectivity surfaces. That is why they have not found a wide acceptance as an suitable technique for industrial and commercial applications. This dissertation presents the modification of homodyne Michelson inteferometer, which was designed for vibration analyses at objects with industrial surfaces any quality. The high linearity, wide measurement range and low measurement uncertainty are the main features of the system to be presented. The main demands on the interferometric systems for vibration analysis are characterized. The solution for the optimum configuration of the inteferometer system is shown. The dissertation presents different behaviors for optical and rough object surfaces. Our new fast digital unit, which was developed for high speed and high resolution signal demodulation, is one of the main points in the paper. The possibility of the low sensitivity to signal noise and high processing speed are shown.The analysis of the measurement uncertainties is made in comparison to classical interferometric techniques. Main and important error sources are shown.The practical measurement results are presented for some objects. Some results show the possibility of surface vibration analysis.Lasergestützte Messverfahren stellen seit langem ein verbreitetes Werkzeug zur berührungslosen Erfassung von mechanischen Schwingungen dar. Sowohl Speckle - und Hologramm- Interferometrie zur Analyse von Flächenschwingungen als auch Heterodyninterferometer (Laser Vibrometer) sind die etablierten Messverfahren auf diesem Gebiet. Der Einsatz von Homodyninterferometern (Einfrequenzinterferometer) zur Schwingungsanalyse setzte bis jetzt eine optische Oberfläche des Messobjektes voraus. Ein weiterentwickeltes System auf Basis eines Einfrequenzinterferometers, das durch eine hohe Linearität und geringe Messunsicherheit ausgezeichnet wird, ist das Thema dieser Dissertation. In der Dissertation werden die Einsatzgebiete und Anforderungen an berührungslose Schwingungsmesssysteme vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei im Einsatz der klassischen Einfrequenzinterferometrie zur Schwingungsanalyse unter normalen Industriebedingungen an rauhen und nicht vorbereiteten Oberflächen. Es wird auf den Aufbau eines modifizierten Michelson - Interferometers eingegangen. Die unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an die Sensoroptimierung bei spiegelnden und rauhen Oberflächen werden gezeigt. Die Rechnungen mit Jones - Matrizen stellen den mathematischen Apparat für diese Optimierungen dar. Das gesamte Systemkonzept, das für hochempfindliche und hochauflösende Messungen entwickelt wurde, ist ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Dissertation. Die Besonderheiten der Signalauswertung in der Einfrequenzinterferometrie werden in Verbindung mit den Aufgaben der Schwingungsanalyse betrachtet. Realisierte schnelle Signaldemodulatoren werden vorgestellt. Es wird eine Analyse der Messunsicherheiten im Vergleich zur klassischen Interferometrie vorgenommen. Die entscheidenden Fehlerquellen und die Möglichkeiten deren Korrektur werden betrachtet und analysiert. Praktische Messergebnisse werden präsentiert und es wird auf die Möglichkeiten der flächenhaften Erfassung von Schwingungen eingegangen

Constitutional principles of economic, administrative, and criminal responsibility in the field of insurance

The constitutional principles of legal liability are an important prerequisite for the introduction of economic, administrative and criminal liability in the insurance sector. The Constitution enshrines the guiding provisions on legal responsibility in general, which later find their consolidation in separate special acts, in particular, those regulating relations in the insurance sphere. The purpose of the work is to clarify the peculiarities of the constitutional regulation of economic, administrative and criminal responsibility in the field of insurance. The research methodology consists of such methods as: dialectical, analysis, synthesis, formal-logical, historical, systemic. The article analyzes the peculiarities of bringing business entities to account in the insurance sector. It was noted that the Constitution of Ukraine establishes the general principles of bringing to legal responsibility, while special legislation establishes direct requirements for bringing to responsibility in certain spheres of socio-economic life. Problematic issues of prosecution in the field of insurance and international experience on this issue have been studied in order to formulate scientifically based conclusions

CIVIL LAW AND LABOR CONTRACT: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL DIMENSION

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, methodological and applied legal and economic principles of the nature and significance of civil law and labour contracts in public life. Methodology. The research is based on general scientific and special legal methods. The analysis helped to determine the quantitative and qualitative parameters which characterise civil law and employment contract as socio-economic and legal phenomena in modern society. The synthesis provided for the formation of common and distinctive features inherent in civil law and employment contract in modern society. With the help of the comparative legal method it was possible to distinguish the characteristic features of the civil law and labour contract in the economic sphere and the legal consolidation of the above categories in modern international and national legislation on the basis of the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the corresponding origin. The formal-legal method created the conditions for the formulation of conclusions on the effectiveness of the normative consolidation of the principle of freedom of contract within the limits of civil and labour legislation and for the determination of relevant regulatory proposals. The purpose of the article is to define the essence and significance of civil law and employment contracts in the economic and legal sphere. The results of the study show that the state of legal regulation of temporal restrictions on the exercise of private rights in Ukraine on the way to economic integration creates preconditions for its modernisation in terms of both general and special legal provisions. Conclusion. Contractual relations are one of the most important driving forces of civil turnover, as they mediate the movement of a number of non-property and property goods within civil and economic turnover. Based on the study of statistical data, it has been established that the civil law contract, together with the labour contract, creates conditions for the development of economic processes in quantitative and qualitative components due to its involvement as a means of moving material and immaterial goods in civil and economic turnover. At the same time, a civil law contract, due to its wide variability and direct involvement in certain economic processes, creates more important prerequisites for progress in the economic space, which is manifested in new types and forms of contracts of this type. The labour contract in its component aims, first of all, from the position considered, to ensure the social component in the implementation of the content of the right to work by guaranteeing certain social, including economic, standards. This is why, unlike civil law, labour law influences the economy of the country indirectly and with a much smaller specific weight. In the legal sphere, research into the legal nature and scope of contractual constructs in the civil and labour spheres testifies to the weight of the principle of freedom of contract, which, on the one hand, is established within the limits of civil legislation and, on the other, creates the conditions for the implementation of another, broader principle of freedom of work, which is based on the right of the individual to freedom of work as a natural and inalienable human right. The article points to the possibility of extending the principle of freedom of contract, along with civil law relations, to other related relations, primarily labour relations. Where the manifestation of the content of such a principle is the right holder's authorisation to behave in one of the following ways: 1) procedural (conclusion, amendment, termination of the contract); 2) selection of a counterparty; 3) determination of terms and conditions; 4) determination of the contract content

Dynamic alignment and calibration of linear axes

Linear positioning axes are used as basic assemblies in a wide range of applications in manufacturing, and measurement technology, such as in machine tools and coordinate measuring machines. If linear axes are installed in machines and devices, the accuracy of the complete system is limited by the rotational and translatory deviations of the individual axes from the ideal linear path of motion. The highly accurate, dynamic detection of the guiding properties during mounting and alignment of these system components is consequently the key to achieving minimal positioning deviations of the assembled system. The presented devices for the alignment and calibration of linear axes are based on laser interferometric measuring methods. They enable highly accurate simultaneous measurements of linear position, pitch and yaw angles as well as a straightness component in one measurement run