10 research outputs found

    Multi-sensor observations of an elevated rotor during a mountain wave event in the Eastern Pyrenees

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    The 15 January 2017 a strong northerly synoptic flow lead to the generation of mountain waves and heavy snowfall over the eastern Pyrenees, particularly over the Cerdanya valley near the border between France, Spain and Andorra. Measurements from several instruments deployed during the Cerdanya-2017 field campaign and satellite imagery revealed the presence of mountain waves and the formation of an associated rotor underneath the first mountain wave crest. The evolution and location of the mountain waves were studied using high temporal resolution data from a UHF wind-profiler and a vertically pointing K-band Doppler radar, separated a few kilometres in horizontal distance. A mountain wave with a wavelength about 18 km was detected in the morning and shortened slightly in the afternoon when a transient rotor, elevated approximately 140 m above the ground, was formed, disconnected from the surface flow. A strong turbulence zone was identified at the upper edge of the mountain wave, above the rotor, a feature observed in previous studies. The mountain wave and rotor induced circulation was favoured by the valley shape and the second mountain ridge location, in addition to the weak and variable winds, established during the sunset close to the valley surface.The Cerdanya-2017 field campaign is a research effort organised by the University of the Balearic Islands, the University of Barcelona, METEO-FRANCE and the Meteorological Service of Catalonia. It is funded by the Spanish projects CGL2015-65627-C3-1-R,CGL2015-65627-C3-2-R (MINECO/FEDER), CGL2016-81828-REDT and RTI2018-098693-B-C32 (AEI/FEDER)

    L'APPLICATION DU PRINCIPE DE LAÏCITE A LA JUSTICE

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    Ce rapport sur « l’application de la laĂŻcitĂ© Ă  la justice » est le fruit d’un travail collectif menĂ© sur deux annĂ©es par une Ă©quipe d’enseignants-chercheurs (juristes et sociologues) avec le soutien de la mission de recherche « Droit et Justice ».Le sujet est d’autant plus intĂ©ressant que la justice n’est sans doute pas un service public comme les autres. Outre une laĂŻcisation plus lente, la justice se distingue Ă©galement des autres services publics par la diversitĂ© des acteurs qui s’y croisent : tous ne sont pas des professionnels (les jurĂ©s notamment) et parmi les professionnels, tous ne sont pas des agents publics. Toutes ces personnes ne sont donc pas soumises aux mĂȘmes rĂšgles.L’essentiel de la recherche a consistĂ© Ă  voir si le droit positif mettait Ă  la charge de tous les acteurs de la justice une obligation de laĂŻcitĂ© et de neutralitĂ© religieuse, et le cas Ă©chĂ©ant selon la mĂȘme intensitĂ©. Parmi ceux-ci, certains acteurs sont par ailleurs amenĂ©s Ă  trancher des questions d’ordre religieux susceptibles de les placer sur un terrain qui ne leur est pas familier.Ils ne peuvent pas s’abriter derriĂšre leur neutralitĂ© pour ne pas rĂ©pondre Ă  la question soulevĂ©e par ces litiges. La recherche s’est donc portĂ©e Ă©galement sur la maniĂšre dont les juges mettenten Ɠuvre leur neutralitĂ© dans leur comprĂ©hension et leur traitement ou leur qualification du fait religieux.Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces questions, une Ă©tude du droit positif complĂ©tĂ©e par des entretiens auprĂšs des professionnels concernĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© privilĂ©giĂ©e

    1D-Var temperature retrievals from microwave radiometer and convective scale model

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    This paper studies the potential of ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) for providing accurate temperature retrievals by combining convective scale numerical models and brightness temperatures (BTs). A one-dimensional variational (1D-Var) retrieval technique has been tested to optimally combine MWR and 3-h forecasts from the French convective scale model AROME. A microwave profiler HATPRO (Humidity and Temperature PROfiler) was operated during 6 months at the meteorological station of Bordeaux (Météo France). MWR BTs were monitored against simulations from the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator 2 radiative transfer model. An overall good agreement was found between observations and simulations for opaque V-band channels but large errors were observed for channels the most affected by liquid water and water vapour emissions (51.26 and 52.28 GHz). 1D-Var temperature retrievals are performed in clear-sky and cloudy conditions using a screening procedure based on cloud base height retrieval from ceilometer observations, infrared radiometer temperature and liquid water path derived from the MWR observations. The 1D-Var retrievals were found to improve the AROME forecasts up to 2 km with a maximum gain of approximately 50 % in root-mean-square-errors (RMSE) below 500 m. They were also found to outperform neural network retrievals. A static bias correction was proposed to account for systematic instrumental errors. This correction was found to have a negligible impact on the 1D-Var retrievals. The use of low elevation angles improves the retrievals up to 12 % in RMSE in cloudy-sky in the first layers. The present implementation achieved a RMSE with respect to radiosondes within 1 K in clear-sky and 1.3 K in cloudy-sky conditions for temperature

    Casual Rerouting of AERONET Sun/Sky Photometers: Toward a New Network of Ground Measurements Dedicated to the Monitoring of Surface Properties?

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    International audienceThis paper presents an innovative method for observing vegetation health at a very high spatial resolution (~5 × 5 cm) and low cost by upgrading an existing Aerosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) ground station dedicated to the observation of aerosols in the atmosphere. This study evaluates the capability of a sun/sky photometer to perform additional surface reflectance observations. The ground station of Toulouse, France, which belongs to the AERONET sun/sky photometer network, is used for this feasibility study. The experiment was conducted for a 5-year period (between 2016 and 2020). The sun/sky photometer was mounted on a metallic structure at a height of 2.5 m, and the acquisition software was adapted to add a periodical (every hour) ground-observation scenario with the sun/sky photometer observing the surface instead of being inactive. Evaluation is performed by using a classical metric characterizing the vegetation health: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), using as reference the satellite NDVI derived from a Sentinel-2 (S2) sensor at 10 × 10 m resolution. Comparison for the 5-year period showed good agreement between the S2 and sun/sky photometer NDVIs (i.e., bias = 0.004, RMSD = 0.082, and R = 0.882 for a mean value of S2A NDVI around 0.6). Discrepancies could have been due to spatial-representativeness issues (of the ground measurement compared to S2), the differences between spectral bands, and the quality of the atmospheric correction applied on S2 data (accuracy of the sun/sky photometer instrument was better than 0.1%). However, the accuracy of the atmospheric correction applied on S2 data in this station appeared to be of good quality, and no dependence on the presence of aerosols was observed. This first analysis of the potential of the CIMEL CE318 sun/sky photometer to monitor the surface is encouraging. Further analyses need to be carried out to estimate the potential in different AERONET stations. The occasional rerouting of AERONET stations could lead to a complementary network of surface reflectance observations. This would require an update of the software, and eventual adaptations of the measurement platforms to the station environments. The additional cost, based on the existing AERONET network, would be quite limited. These new surface measurements would be interesting for measurements of vegetation health (monitoring of NDVI, and also of other vegetation indices such as the leaf area and chlorophyll indices), for validation and calibration exercise purposes, and possibly to refine various scientific algorithms (i.e., algorithms dedicated to cloud detection or the AERONET aerosol retrieval algorithm itself). CIMEL is ready to include the ground scenario used in this study in all new sun/sky photometers

    L'APPLICATION DU PRINCIPE DE LAÏCITE A LA JUSTICE

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    Ce rapport sur « l’application de la laĂŻcitĂ© Ă  la justice » est le fruit d’un travail collectif menĂ© sur deux annĂ©es par une Ă©quipe d’enseignants-chercheurs (juristes et sociologues) avec le soutien de la mission de recherche « Droit et Justice ».Le sujet est d’autant plus intĂ©ressant que la justice n’est sans doute pas un service public comme les autres. Outre une laĂŻcisation plus lente, la justice se distingue Ă©galement des autres services publics par la diversitĂ© des acteurs qui s’y croisent : tous ne sont pas des professionnels (les jurĂ©s notamment) et parmi les professionnels, tous ne sont pas des agents publics. Toutes ces personnes ne sont donc pas soumises aux mĂȘmes rĂšgles.L’essentiel de la recherche a consistĂ© Ă  voir si le droit positif mettait Ă  la charge de tous les acteurs de la justice une obligation de laĂŻcitĂ© et de neutralitĂ© religieuse, et le cas Ă©chĂ©ant selon la mĂȘme intensitĂ©. Parmi ceux-ci, certains acteurs sont par ailleurs amenĂ©s Ă  trancher des questions d’ordre religieux susceptibles de les placer sur un terrain qui ne leur est pas familier.Ils ne peuvent pas s’abriter derriĂšre leur neutralitĂ© pour ne pas rĂ©pondre Ă  la question soulevĂ©e par ces litiges. La recherche s’est donc portĂ©e Ă©galement sur la maniĂšre dont les juges mettenten Ɠuvre leur neutralitĂ© dans leur comprĂ©hension et leur traitement ou leur qualification du fait religieux.Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces questions, une Ă©tude du droit positif complĂ©tĂ©e par des entretiens auprĂšs des professionnels concernĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© privilĂ©giĂ©e

    L'application du principe de laïcité à la justice

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    Ce rapport sur « l’application de la laĂŻcitĂ© Ă  la justice » est le fruit d’un travail collectif menĂ© sur deux annĂ©es par une Ă©quipe d’enseignants-chercheurs (juristes et sociologues) avec le soutien de la mission de recherche « Droit et Justice ».Le sujet est d’autant plus intĂ©ressant que la justice n’est sans doute pas un service public comme les autres. Outre une laĂŻcisation plus lente, la justice se distingue Ă©galement des autres services publics par la diversitĂ© des acteurs qui s’y croisent : tous ne sont pas des professionnels (les jurĂ©s notamment) et parmi les professionnels, tous ne sont pas des agents publics. Toutes ces personnes ne sont donc pas soumises aux mĂȘmes rĂšgles.L’essentiel de la recherche a consistĂ© Ă  voir si le droit positif mettait Ă  la charge de tous les acteurs de la justice une obligation de laĂŻcitĂ© et de neutralitĂ© religieuse, et le cas Ă©chĂ©ant selon la mĂȘme intensitĂ©. Parmi ceux-ci, certains acteurs sont par ailleurs amenĂ©s Ă  trancher des questions d’ordre religieux susceptibles de les placer sur un terrain qui ne leur est pas familier.Ils ne peuvent pas s’abriter derriĂšre leur neutralitĂ© pour ne pas rĂ©pondre Ă  la question soulevĂ©e par ces litiges. La recherche s’est donc portĂ©e Ă©galement sur la maniĂšre dont les juges mettenten Ɠuvre leur neutralitĂ© dans leur comprĂ©hension et leur traitement ou leur qualification du fait religieux.Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces questions, une Ă©tude du droit positif complĂ©tĂ©e par des entretiens auprĂšs des professionnels concernĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© privilĂ©giĂ©e

    La campagne Passy-2015 : dynamique atmosphĂ©rique et qualitĂ© de l’air dans la vallĂ©e de l’Arve

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    International audienceWintertime anticyclonic conditions, associated with clear sky and cold nights, trigger the formation of persistent layers of stable air over the ground. In an urban area, these persistent layers lead to poor air quality, especially when the terrain is mountainous. This is particularly the case in the Arve River Valley near the city of Passy, located 20 km downstream of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, where air quality stands among the poorest ones in France.Beyond the monitoring of air quality, as performed by the Auvergne-RhĂŽne-Alpes air quality agency or within the scientific project DECOMBIO led by the Institute for Geosciences and the Environment (IGE), knowledge of the atmospheric dynamics at the valley scale should be gained to understand how pollutants are dispersed. This is the motivation of the Passy project, which started in 2014. It relies on the Passy-2015 field experiment, whereof presentation, along with the discussion of a few results, is the purpose of the present paper. The objective of this field experiment is to document the atmospheric dynamics in the Arve River Valley during wintertime pollution episodes.The work conducted during the Passy project and the analysis of the Passy-2015 field experiment will benefit from a several-year long collaboration among the different partners. The knowledge thus gained will contribute to refine weather forecast and air quality prediction in the Arve River Valley and, more generally, in mountain urban areas under stable conditions. From an operational perspective, our goal is to improve our ability to forecast critical events such as low temperatures, ice and fog formation, pollution events or locations subject to high pollutant concentration.Les conditions anticycloniques hivernales (ciel clair, nuits froides) conduisent Ă  la formation de couches stables persistantes qui favorisent les Ă©pisodes de pollution, particuliĂšrement en terrain montagneux. La vallĂ©e de l’Arve est trĂšs sensible Ă  ce phĂ©nomĂšne, en particulier prĂšs de la ville de Passy (Haute-Savoie), situĂ©e Ă  20 kilomĂštres en aval de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, oĂč la qualitĂ© de l’air est l’une des moins bonnes de France.Au-delĂ  du suivi de la qualitĂ© de l’air, tel que rĂ©alisĂ© par Atmo Auvergne-RhĂŽne-Alpes ou par le projet DECOMBIO pilotĂ© par l’Institut des GĂ©osciences et de l’Environnement (IGE), il est primordial d’amĂ©liorer la connaissance de la dynamique atmosphĂ©rique Ă  l’échelle de la vallĂ©e en conditions stables pour mieux comprendre comment, couplĂ©e au cycle et Ă  la gĂ©ographie des Ă©missions, elle pilote la dispersion des polluants. C’est la motivation du projet Passy, initiĂ© en 2014. Ce projet s’appuie sur les observations de la campagne Passy-2015, prĂ©sentĂ©es dans cet article avec quelques premiers rĂ©sultats. L’objectif gĂ©nĂ©ral de cette campagne est de documenter la dynamique atmosphĂ©rique au sein de la vallĂ©e de l’Arve lors des Ă©pisodes de pollution hivernale.Les travaux menĂ©s dans le cadre du projet et de l’analyse des donnĂ©es de la campagne s’inscrivent au sein d’une collaboration sur plusieurs annĂ©es entre les diffĂ©rents partenaires. Ils contribueront Ă  affiner la prĂ©vision du temps et de la qualitĂ© de l’air dans ce type de vallĂ©e, et plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement en conditions stables. Il s’agit en particulier d’amĂ©liorer la capacitĂ© Ă  prĂ©voir des phĂ©nomĂšnes critiques, comme les tempĂ©ratures minimales, le verglas, le brouillard, les Ă©vĂšnements de pollution ou encore les zones de pollution intense
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