Analysis of the lower extremity muscle activity depending on the use of a knee aid in elderly people with osteoarthritis

This study analysed the lower extremity muscle activity depending on the use of the Power Leg, a wearable knee aid, in elderly people with osteoarthritis. Eight participants who had osteoarthritis were asked to repeat sit-to-stand from a chair first without the knee aid, following which they were asked to repeat the same movement with the knee aid. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to analyse muscle activities of the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis on the quadriceps femoris of the right leg while performing sit-to-stand motion. The result showed an 11.25% decrease in muscle activity of the vastus medialis, from 50.43% without the knee aid to 39.18% with the knee aid, which was significant (p < .05). Muscle activity of the rectus femoris decreased by 5.17%, from 29.49% without the knee aid down to 24.32% with the knee aid. However, the difference was not significant. The vastus lateralis had reduced muscle activity by 16.22%, from 57.15% without the knee aid to 40.93% with the knee aid, which was significant (p < .05). The results of this study showed that the Power Leg knee aid may decrease muscle activity by assisting lower extremity muscles during the sit-to-stand motion and effectively support the knee extensor during knee extension. Given these findings, as well as the ease of wearing and using the Power Leg knee aid, it is concluded that the wearable knee aid is very useful for the elderly with knee osteoarthritis

Safety-Critical Control under Multiple State and Input Constraints and Application to Fixed-Wing UAV

This study presents a framework to guarantee safety for a class of second-order nonlinear systems under multiple state and input constraints. To facilitate real-world applications, a safety-critical controller must consider multiple constraints simultaneously, while being able to impose general forms of constraints designed for various tasks (e.g., obstacle avoidance). With this in mind, we first devise a zeroing control barrier function (ZCBF) using a newly proposed nominal evading maneuver. By designing the nominal evading maneuver to 1) be continuously differentiable, 2) satisfy input constraints, and 3) be capable of handling other state constraints, we deduce an ultimate invariant set, a subset of the safe set that can be rendered forward invariant with admissible control inputs. Thanks to the development of the ultimate invariant set, we then propose a safety-critical controller, which is a computationally tractable one-step model predictive controller (MPC) with guaranteed recursive feasibility. We validate the proposed framework in simulation, where a fixed-wing UAV tracks a circular trajectory while satisfying multiple safety constraints including collision avoidance, bounds on flight speed and flight path angle, and input constraints.Comment: Accepted for the 2023 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC

Electromyographic analysis of lower extremity muscle activities during modified squat exercise: Preliminary study

The squat is a movement that keeps the knee angle at 90° while keeping the weight of the one's shoulder to the shoulder width and maintaining equal weight load on the left and right legs. However, sufficient muscle activation of the lower limb is necessary to maintain a knee angle of 90 degrees. Thus, this study has been conducted to confirm the possibility that a modified squat exercise compared to traditional squat exercise can be recommended for elderly or patients. Two healthy adult males participated in this study. They performed a traditional squat exercise and a modified squat exercise. The modified squat exercise was performed in a general squat exercise posture while keeping the knee at 90 degrees and extending the hip joint with leaning the ball behind the back (supine position). The muscle activity of rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and gastrocnemius during exercises was measured by surface electromyography. As a result of this study, it was found that muscle activities were less in the right and left rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis during the modified squat exercise compared to the traditional squat exercise. The results showed that the muscle strength of the lower limb was activated to less than 50% compared with the traditional squat exercise during the modified squat exercise. These results may be used as an effective rehabilitation method for patients with weak muscles in the lower limb

Effects of a smart phone-based game on balance ability and dizziness in healthy adult individuals

Many people use smartphone these days. There are many studies on the effects of smartphones on our bodies, but there is a lack of research on balance and dizziness. The purpose of this study was to determine how a healthy person’s balance and dizziness is affected by using smart devices. Twenty four healthy adults in their twenties were assigned to the 10-minute and 20-minute group based on the duration of the smartphone game. To evaluate the effects of smartphone games on the balance and dizziness of the participants, we evaluated their balance and dizziness before and after playing the smartphone game. Balance was measured using a force plate (Wii Balance Board, Balancia version 2.0, Mintosys Inc., Seoul, KR) and dizziness was measured using the Simulator sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). There was a significant difference in balance among both groups before and after playing the smartphone game (p .05). Regarding dizziness, the SSQ score indicated minimal symptoms in the 10-minute group, while it revealed significant symptoms in the 20-minute group. In this study, playing a smartphone game for 10 minutes and 20 minutes was found to affect balance. Further, it was found that playing a smartphone game for 20 minutes may lead to a significant level of dizziness

Third-order exceptional point in an ion-cavity system

We investigate a scheme for observing the third-order exceptional point (EP3) in an ion-cavity setting. In the lambda-type level configuration, the ion is driven by a pump field, and the resonator is probed with another weak laser field. We exploit the highly asymmetric branching ratio of an ion's excited state to satisfy the weak-excitation limit, which allows us to construct the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian $(H_{\textrm{nH}})$. Via fitting the cavity-transmission spectrum, the eigenvalues of $H_{\textrm{nH}}$ are obtained. The EP3 appears at a point where the Rabi frequency of the pump laser and the atom-cavity coupling constant balance the loss rates of the system. Feasible experimental parameters are provided.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

Comparison of lower limb muscle activation according to horizontal whole-body vibration frequency and knee angle

Whole-body vibration refers to an exercise that stimulates the muscles, using a vibration with an amplitude and power, however, there are few studies that have dealt with fundamental questions such as optimal frequency or body position. This study aims to compare lower limb activation, according to horizontal whole-body vibration frequency and knee flexion angle, in healthy adults. Using 18 healthy adults aged 21–30, this study measured and analysed the activities of the vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GCM) muscles, for different horizontal whole-body vibration frequencies (0 Hz, 2 Hz, and 4 Hz) and knee flexion angles (0°, 30°, and 60°), using surface electromyography (sEMG). There was a statistically significant increase in lower limb muscle activation according to horizontal whole-body vibration frequency and knee flexion angle: comparing muscle activation with frequency, the muscle activation of VL, BF, TA, and GCM increased with increase in frequency (p<0.05). The muscle activation of VL and TA increased with increase in knee flexion angle (p<0.05). In this study, it was observed that for whole-body vibration provided in a horizontal direction, larger the frequency and higher the knee flexion angle, greater the lower limb activation

Transcriptional regulatory networks of tumor-associated macrophages that drive malignancy in mesenchymal glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a complex disease with extensive molecular and transcriptional heterogeneity. GBM can be subcategorized into four distinct subtypes; tumors that shift towards the mesenchymal phenotype upon recurrence are generally associated with treatment resistance, unfavorable prognosis, and the infiltration of pro-tumorigenic macrophages. RESULTS: We explore the transcriptional regulatory networks of mesenchymal-associated tumor-associated macrophages (MA-TAMs), which drive the malignant phenotypic state of GBM, and identify macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) as the most highly differentially expressed gene. MARCO CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our study characterizes the global transcriptional profile of TAMs driving mesenchymal GBM pathogenesis, providing potential therapeutic targets for improving the effectiveness of GBM immunotherapy

Pharmacogenomic profiling reveals molecular features of chemotherapy resistance in IDH wild-type primary glioblastoma

Background Although temozolomide (TMZ) has been used as a standard adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for primary glioblastoma (GBM), treating isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type (IDH-wt) cases remains challenging due to intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of TMZ resistance is critical for its precision application. Methods We stratified 69 primary IDH-wt GBM patients into TMZ-resistant (n = 29) and sensitive (n = 40) groups, using TMZ screening of the corresponding patient-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). Genomic and transcriptomic features were then examined to identify TMZ-associated molecular alterations. Subsequently, we developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict TMZ response from combined signatures. Moreover, TMZ response in multisector samples (52 tumor sectors from 18 cases) was evaluated to validate findings and investigate the impact of intra-tumoral heterogeneity on TMZ efficacy. Results In vitro TMZ sensitivity of patient-derived GSCs classified patients into groups with different survival outcomes (P = 1.12e−4 for progression-free survival (PFS) and 3.63e−4 for overall survival (OS)). Moreover, we found that elevated gene expression of EGR4, PAPPA, LRRC3, and ANXA3 was associated to intrinsic TMZ resistance. In addition, other features such as 5-aminolevulinic acid negative, mesenchymal/proneural expression subtypes, and hypermutation phenomena were prone to promote TMZ resistance. In contrast, concurrent copy-number-alteration in PTEN, EGFR, and CDKN2A/B was more frequent in TMZ-sensitive samples (Fisher’s exact P = 0.0102), subsequently consolidated by multi-sector sequencing analyses. Integrating all features, we trained a ML tool to segregate TMZ-resistant and sensitive groups. Notably, our method segregated IDH-wt GBM patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into two groups with divergent survival outcomes (P = 4.58e−4 for PFS and 3.66e−4 for OS). Furthermore, we showed a highly heterogeneous TMZ-response pattern within each GBM patient using in vitro TMZ screening and genomic characterization of multisector GSCs. Lastly, the prediction model that evaluates the TMZ efficacy for primary IDH-wt GBMs was developed into a webserver for public usage ( http://www.wang-lab-hkust.com:3838/TMZEP ). Conclusions We identified molecular characteristics associated to TMZ sensitivity, and illustrate the potential clinical value of a ML model trained from pharmacogenomic profiling of patient-derived GSC against IDH-wt GBMs

Pharmacogenomic profiling reveals molecular features of chemotherapy resistance in IDH wild-type primary glioblastoma

Background Although temozolomide (TMZ) has been used as a standard adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for primary glioblastoma (GBM), treating isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type (IDH-wt) cases remains challenging due to intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of TMZ resistance is critical for its precision application. Methods We stratified 69 primary IDH-wt GBM patients into TMZ-resistant (n = 29) and sensitive (n = 40) groups, using TMZ screening of the corresponding patient-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). Genomic and transcriptomic features were then examined to identify TMZ-associated molecular alterations. Subsequently, we developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict TMZ response from combined signatures. Moreover, TMZ response in multisector samples (52 tumor sectors from 18 cases) was evaluated to validate findings and investigate the impact of intra-tumoral heterogeneity on TMZ efficacy. Results In vitro TMZ sensitivity of patient-derived GSCs classified patients into groups with different survival outcomes (P = 1.12e−4 for progression-free survival (PFS) and 3.63e−4 for overall survival (OS)). Moreover, we found that elevated gene expression of EGR4, PAPPA, LRRC3, and ANXA3 was associated to intrinsic TMZ resistance. In addition, other features such as 5-aminolevulinic acid negative, mesenchymal/proneural expression subtypes, and hypermutation phenomena were prone to promote TMZ resistance. In contrast, concurrent copy-number-alteration in PTEN, EGFR, and CDKN2A/B was more frequent in TMZ-sensitive samples (Fishers exact P = 0.0102), subsequently consolidated by multi-sector sequencing analyses. Integrating all features, we trained a ML tool to segregate TMZ-resistant and sensitive groups. Notably, our method segregated IDH-wt GBM patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into two groups with divergent survival outcomes (P = 4.58e−4 for PFS and 3.66e−4 for OS). Furthermore, we showed a highly heterogeneous TMZ-response pattern within each GBM patient usingin vitro TMZ screening and genomic characterization of multisector GSCs. Lastly, the prediction model that evaluates the TMZ efficacy for primary IDH-wt GBMs was developed into a webserver for public usage (http://www.wang-lab-hkust.com:3838/TMZEP) Conclusions We identified molecular characteristics associated to TMZ sensitivity, and illustrate the potential clinical value of a ML model trained from pharmacogenomic profiling of patient-derived GSC against IDH-wt GBMs