Complex Time Solutions with Nontrivial Topology and Multi Particle Scattering in Yang-Mills Theory

A classical solution to the Yang-Mills theory is given a new semiclassical interpretation in terms of particle scattering. It solves the complex time boundary value problem, which arises in the semiclassical approximation to a multi particle transition probability in the one-instanton sector at fixed energy. The imaginary part of the action of the solution on the complex time contour and its topological charge obey the same relation as the self-dual Euclidean configurations. Hence the solution is relevant for the problem of tunneling with fermion number violation in the electroweak theory. It describes transitions from an initial state with a smaller number of particles to a final state with a larger number of particles. The implications of these results for multi particle production in the electroweak theory are also discussed.Comment: 10 pgs. (LaTeX), JHU-TIPAC-93001

Um conto de três cidades: a Urbs; Ammaia, a colônia ex nihilo; e Conimbriga, a adaptação dos oppida lusitanos

When dealing with the analysis of the materiality of urban architecture in the Roman World, in the Imperial Period, seeking to understand the practices of occupation of spaces, both in the city of Rome and in the provinces, we deal with a material culture almost as broad as the Ancient World itself, if thinking of the geographic extent that the Empire has reached. Therefore, it is necessary, for research and didactic purposes, to establish spatial, temporal and material delimitations. It is also necessary to deal, specifically in the case of Lusitania, with the scarcity of available archaeological information. Although the new technologies available lead to advances in research and new challenges, as they raise new questions to be answered by the material culture, it is also necessary that these technologies be effectively applied to the territory of ancient Lusitania so that we can use them. In this work it is intended, through the study of the forums of two Roman provincial cities – Ammaia and Conimbriga (respectively, an ex nihilo foundation and an adaptation of a pre-Roman settlement), chosen to present distinct archaeological and archaeological research histories – try to determine some of the patterns of appropriation of colonial spaces by the Romans in Lusitania. Although the study of Roman Lusitania suffers from the limitation imposed by the scarcity of available and/or published archaeological data, it was possible to observe the existence of a pattern in the urbanization introduced by Rome in Lusitania, which is visible in the fora and other urban elements, pre-existing local urbanism.Quando tratamos da análise da materialidade da arquitetura urbana no Mundo Romano, no Período Imperial, buscando entender as práticas de ocupação dos espaços, tanto na cidade de Roma quanto nas províncias, lidamos com um universo material quase tão amplo quanto o próprio Mundo Antigo, se pensarmos na extensão geográfica que o Império atingiu. Faz-se necessário, portanto, para fins de pesquisa e didáticos, estabelecer delimitações, espaciais, temporais e materiais. Também é preciso lidar, especificamente no caso da Lusitania, com a escassez das informações arqueológicas disponíveis. Embora as novas tecnologias disponíveis propiciem avanços nas pesquisas e igualmente novos desafios, pois despertam novas questões a serem respondidas pela cultura material, é preciso também que tais tecnologias sejam efetivamente aplicadas ao território da antiga Lusitania para que possamos utilizá-las. Neste trabalho, pretende-se, através do estudo dos fóruns de duas cidades provinciais romanas – Ammaia e Conimbriga (respectivamente, fundações ex nihilo e adaptação de assentamento pré-romano), escolhidas por apresentarem histórias de implantação e de pesquisa arqueológica distintas – tentar determinar alguns dos padrões de apropriação dos espaços coloniais pelos romanos na Lusitania. Embora o estudo da Lusitania romana sofra pela limitação imposta pela escassez dos dados arqueológicos disponíveis e/ou publicados, foi possível observar a existência de um padrão na urbanização introduzida por Roma, que é visível nos fora e demais elementos urbanos, distinto do antigo urbanismo local pré-existente

A origem provincial do Fórum de Trajano

The Trajan’s Forum has always been considered the ‘high point’ of the development of the Roman fora. The last of the Imperial Fora built in the centre of the Vrbs, during centuries it caused admiration to the visitors of the city, even when Rome was any more the capital of the Empire. Until some decades the scholars have considered it as the model for the provincial fora, specially in the European Occident. Nevertheless more recent works brought to light instances of contemporary canonic (tri-divided) fora or even elder than Trajan’s, putting down the notion that this kind of fora arose at Rome and then spread to the Empire. Actually it was a model, but not an initial one; it was indeed the highest degree of the canonic fora, the model followed in many provinces as from the 2nd century.O Fórum de Trajano sempre foi considerado o “ponto alto” do desenvolvimento dos fóruns romanos. Último fórum imperial erguido no centro da Vrbs, durante séculos impressionou os visitantes da cidade, mesmo quando Roma já não era o centro do Império. Até algumas décadas atrás, os estudiosos o consideravam como modelo para os fóruns provinciais, especialmente no Ocidente Europeu. Mas escavações mais recentes trouxeram à luz exemplos de fóruns tripartidos contemporâneos e mesmo anteriores ao de Trajano, derrubando a noção de que este tipo de fórum surgiu em Roma e difundiu-se para o Império. Ele realmente serviu como modelo, mas não como modelo inicial, e sim como o ápice dos fóruns tripartidos, modelo seguido em diversas províncias a partir do século II

Etude du mécanisme de transfert des flexions à la jonction poutre poteau dans les structures en portiques mixtes soumises à une action sismique

La présente thèse a pour objectif l’étude du mécanisme de transfert des flexions à la jonction poutre poteau dans les structures en portiques mixtes soumises à une action sismique, dans l'hypothèse où l'assemblage poutre poteau est de type pleinement résistant.La thèse contribue à la définition des éléments nécessaires pour effectuer un calcul sécuritaire de la résistance à l’action sismique des portiques mixtes. A l’heure actuelle, le chapitre relatifaux constructions mixtes dans l’Eurocode 8, basé en partie sur nos travaux, a été édité [prEN 1998-1-3 (2001)]. Notre contribution concerne les poutres mixtes avec dalle et leur jonction aux colonnes, pour le calcul desquelles notre travail établit un ensemble d'éléments d'information cohérents. Cependant, des études dans ce domaine restent utiles pour affiner les règles proposées et étendre leur applicabilité au cas des assemblages à résistance partielle.Rappelons d'abord le principe de base du projet parasismique, à savoir le « dimensionnement capacitif ». Lors d’un dimensionnement d’une structure soumise à forte sollicitation sismique, les éléments de la structure sont proportionnés de manière à réaliser une distribution des zones de dissipation d’énergie du séisme dans la structure selon un schéma choisi. Les zones deplastification forment un ensemble ne mettant pas en danger l’équilibre global de la structure. Cela correspond à ce qu'on appelle un « dimensionnement capacitif ». Dans ce contexte, il estprimordial de bien connaître la résistance de chaque élément pour être sûr que la ruine aura lieu là où on le désire. Dans un portique, on applique généralement le concept « poutre faible –colonne forte », c’est-à-dire que l’on désire que la dissipation d’énergie se fasse dans des rotules plastiques de poutres. Quelle différence existe-t-il entre les structures en acier et les structures mixtes ? Dans les structures en acier, les résistances des sections et des assemblages sont relativement bien contrôlées et il est aisé de hiérarchiser l’apparition des rotules plastiques. Dans les structures mixtes par contre, la contribution de la dalle au moment de flexion résistant de lapoutre est une quantité variable mal maîtrisée qui dépend de nombreux paramètres, tels le pourcentage d’armatures, la densité des connecteurs et la participation de la poutretransversale dans le schéma résistant. Il est très important de connaître l’effet de ces paramètres car ils influencent directement la capacité flexionnelle des poutres et, parconséquent, ils peuvent modifier l’ordre d’apparition des rotules plastiques entre les colonnes et les poutres et complètement mettre à mal le concept poutre faible – colonne forte.Le but général de notre thèse est de mettre en évidence et de quantifier le rôle de la dalle -et implicitement de ses composants, les armatures, les goujons connecteurs et la poutretransversale- dans le transfert de moment de flexion de la poutre à la colonne. L’objectif pratique est la définition de données utilisables par les auteurs de projet, telles que- des largeurs effectives à prendre en considération pour l’analyse des structures en portiques mixtes sous séisme et pour le calcul des résistances (moments plastiques) dessections- des éléments nécessaires à la définition des détails de connexion acier-béton et des armatures- l'implémentation de ces informations dans un format de règle de calcul, dans l'Eurocode 8

STIFF ELBOW TREATMENT BY INTERPOSING ARTHROPLASTY ASSOCIATED TO HINGED EXTERNAL FIXATOR

ABSTRACTObjective: Assess the results of the elbow/fascia lata interposing arthroplasty technique associated to the use of a hinged external fixator in the treatment of stiff elbow. Methods: Between 2001 and 2006, five cases of stiff elbow were operated and followed up by the Shoulder and Elbow Group of the Santa Casa Misericórdia de São Paulo Medical Sciences School, establishing the following as inclusion criteria: patients with below-functional elbow range of motion associated to degeneration on that joint, for whom total prosthesis had not been indicated. Patients' ages ranged from 21 to 55 years (mean: 38). Male gender was prevalent (four cases), and, in all cases, the dominant side was operated. Concerning etiology, two cases of infectious arthritis sequels, one post-trauma sequel, and two rheumatoid arthritis were found. Preoperative range of motion ranged from 20° to 30° of flexion-extension; in two cases, fixed contracture existed in flexion at 30° and 65°. The patients were assessed according to Bruce-modified AMA criteria. Results: The mean follow up time was 54 months. All patients showed improvement of the Bruce index, which, preoperatively, was 43.5, increasing to 88.2 postoperatively. We found two excellent cases, one good, one fair, and one poor. Conclusion: Fascia lata interposing arthroplasty associated to the use of a dynamic external fixator on stiff elbows is a feasible alternative for patients not indicated to total elbow arthroplasty

Avaliação dos resultados do tratamento artroscópico da capsulite adesiva do ombro

ResumoObjetivoAvaliar os resultados das liberações artroscópicas feitas em pacientes com capsulite adesiva refratária ao tratamento conservador.MétodosTrabalho retrospectivo feito entre 1996 e 2012, com 56 ombros (52 pacientes) submetidos a cirurgia; 38 eram do sexo feminino e 28 tinham o lado dominante acometido. A média de idade foi de 51 (29‐73) anos. O seguimento médio, de 65 (12‐168) meses e o tempo médio de pré‐operatório, de 8,9 (2‐24) meses. Pela classificação de Zukermann, 23 casos foram considerados primários e 33 secundários. Com o paciente em decúbito lateral, fizemos a liberação circunferencial da cápsula articular: desbridamento articular, abertura do intervalo rotador, liberação do ligamento coracoumeral, capsulotomia anterior, posterior, inferior e finalmente, anteroinferior. A tenotomia do subescapular foi feita quando necessária. Todos foram submetidos a fisioterapia intensa no pós‐operatório imediato. Em 33 ombros foi implantado o catéter interescalênico para infusão de anestésico. Os resultados funcionais foram avaliados pelos critérios do escore da University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).ResultadosObtivemos melhoria do arco de movimento: aumento médio de 45° de elevação, 41° de rotação lateral e oito níveis vertebrais de rotação medial. Pelo escore da UCLA, tivemos 25 resultados excelentes (45%), 25 bons (45%), dois razoáveis (3%) e quatro ruins (7%). Os pacientes que fizeram capsulotomia inferior evoluíram melhor do que os que não fizeram. Apenas 8,8% dos pacientes que usaram cateter de infusão anestésico foram submetidos a manipulação no pós‐operatório. Sete pacientes apresentaram complicações.ConclusãoHouve melhoria da dor e do arco de movimento. A capsulotomia inferior leva a melhores resultados. O uso do catéter interescalênico de infusão anestésica diminui o número de reabordagens.AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the results of arthroscopic releases performed in patients with adhesive capsulitis refractory to conservative treatment.MethodsThis was a retrospective study, conducted between 1996 and 2012, which included 56 shoulders (52 patients) that underwent surgery; 38 were female, and 28 had the dominant side affected. The mean age was 51 (29‐73) years. The mean follow‐up was 65 (12‐168) months and the mean preoperative time was 8.9 (2‐24) months. According to Zukermann's classification, 23 cases were considered primary and 33 secondary. With the patient in the lateral decubitus position, circumferential release of the joint capsule was performed: joint debridement; rotator interval opening; coracohumeral ligament release; anterior, posterior, inferior, and finally antero‐inferior capsulotomy. A subscapularis tenotomy was performed when necessary. All patients underwent intense physical therapy in the immediate postoperative period. In 33 shoulders, an interscalene catheter was implanted for anesthetic infusion. Functional results were evaluated by the UCLA criteria.ResultsImproved range of motion was observed: mean increase of 45° of elevation, 41° of external rotation and eight vertebral levels of medial rotation. According to the UCLA score excellent results were obtained in 25 (45%) patients; good, in 24 (45%); fair, in two (3%); and poor, in four (7%). Patients who had undergone inferior capsulotomy achieved better results. Only 8.8% of patients who used the anesthetic infusion catheter underwent postoperative manipulation. Seven patients had complications.ConclusionThere was improvement in pain and range of motion. Inferior capsulotomy leads to better results. The use of the interscalene infusion catheter reduces the number of re‐approaches

Avaliação funcional do reparo artroscópico da lesão do manguito rotador em pacientes com pseudoparalisia

ResumoObjetivoavaliar o resultado funcional do reparo artroscópico das lesões do manguito rotador em pacientes com pseudoparalisia, definida como incapacidade de elevação ativa do braço acima de 90°, com elevação passiva completa.Métodosreavaliamos 38 pacientes com média de seguimento de 51 meses (mínimo de 24). Analisamos a taxa de reversão da pseudoparalisia e o resultado funcional obtido.Resultadospelos critérios de avaliação da Universidade da Califórnia em Los Angeles (Ucla), 31 (82%) pacientes tiveram bons e excelentes resultados; dois (5%) resultados regulares e cinco (13%) ruins. A média da elevação ativa passou de 39° no pré‐operatório para 139° no pós‐operatório (p < 0,05), a média da rotação lateral ativa passou de 30° para 48° (p < 0,05) e a média da rotação medial ativa passou do nível L3 para o T12 (p < 0,05).Conclusãoo reparo artroscópico das lesões do manguito rotador proporcionou bons e excelentes resultados em 82% dos casos e uma melhoria, estatisticamente significativa, da amplitude de movimento (ADM) ativa, com reversão da pseudoparalisia em 97,4% dos casos. É, portanto, uma boa opção de tratamento.AbstractObjectiveto evaluate the functional result from arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injuries in patients with pseudoparalysis, defined as incapacity to actively raise the arm above 90°, while complete passive elevation was possible.Methodswe reevaluated 38 patients with a mean follow‐up of 51 months (minimum of 24). We analyzed the pseudoparalysis reversion rate and the functional result obtained.Resultsaccording to the assessment criteria of the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), 31 (82%) patients had good and excellent results, two (5%) had fair results and five (13%) had poor results. The mean active elevation went from 39° before the operation to 139° after the operation (p < 0.05); the mean active lateral rotation went from 30° to 48° (p < 0.05) and the mean active medial rotation went from level L3 to T12 (p < 0.05).Conclusionarthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injuries produced good and excellent results in 82% of the cases and a statistically significant improvement of active range of motion, with reversion of the pseudoparalysis in 97.4% of the cases. It is therefore a good treatment option

Synthesis and Bulk Properties of poly(methylmethacrylate)-b-poly(isooctylacrylate)-b-poly(methylmethacrylate)

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