Ion-pair HPLC applied to the assay of the vitamin B group mixture: theorical bases and method validation

Um método simples e rápido para determinação simultânea das vitaminas nicotinamida, tiamina, piridoxina, riboflavina e pantotenato de cálcio, em associação com minerais, foi desenvolvido por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, utilizando a técnica de pareamento iônico, coluna C-8 Perkin Elmer (150 x 4,6 mm DI, partícula 5 mm, poro 80 Å) e detector de ultravioleta (210 e 270 nm). A fase móvel composta de água e metanol (894:106), contendo 10 mM de hexanossulfonato de sódio, 0,5% de ácido acético e 0,1% de trietilamina a pH 3,5 promoveu excelente separação das vitaminas. O método foi aplicado com sucesso à forma farmacêutica de comprimidos e drágeas, contendo também minerais. Linearidade, precisão, recuperação e especificidade foram satisfatórias. A taxa de recuperação do método foi de 98% a 102% e os desvios padrão relativos encontrados variaram entre 0,9 e 2,5%.A rapid and simple method for the simultaneous determination of nicotinamide, thiamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin and calcium pantothenate, associated with minerals was developed by high performance liquid chromatography. These vitamins were simultaneously assayed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC with C-8 column Perkin Elmer (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 mm, 80 Å) and UV detection (210 and 270 nm). A mobile phase of water-methanol (894:106), 10 mM hexanesulfonate, 0,5% acetic acid and 0,1% triethylamine at pH 3.5 allowed the most satisfactory separation of these vitamins. The method was successfully applied to the determination of vitamins in tablets and coated tablets. Linearity, precision, recovery and specificity were always satisfactory. The average recoveries were from 98% to 102% and the relative standard deviations were between 0.9 to 2.5%

Predictors of Enhancing Human Physical Attractiveness: Data from 93 Countries

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending \u3e10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives

Lopinavir/ritonavir capsules : profile of in vitro dissolution based on data in vivo, studies of thermal stability and analytical methodology

Kaletra® (lopinavir e ritonavir) é uma combinação fixa de dois inibidores da protease do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) indicada para o tratamento da infecção pelo VIH em associação com outros anti-retrovirais. Esta classe de fármacos inibe a protease do VIH evitando a clivagem da poliproteina gag-pol, levando à produção de vírus imaturos, incapazes de infectar outras células. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer o perfil de dissolução in vitro baseado nos dados in vivo, avaliar a estabilidade térmica do lopinavir e do ritonavir cápsulas, determinar a cinética de reação, isolar e identificar os principais produtos de degradação do ritonavir. Método por CLAE indicativo de estabilidade foi desenvolvido e validado para a quantificação do lopinavir e do ritonavir cápsulas. Método alternativo por espectrometria derivada também foi desenvolvido. Os resultados demonstraram uma correlação nível A entre o perfil de dissolução in vitro e a absorção in vivo nas condições propostas. O método por CLAE para a quantificação desta associação demonstrou ser específico, linear exato, preciso e robusto. O teste t demonstrou que houve diferença significativa entre o método CLAE e UV derivada. Os estudos de estabilidade térmica demonstraram que o lopinavir foi estável nas condições testadas enquanto que o ritonavir foi sensível ao calor, seguindo uma cinética de degradação de primeira ordem. De acordo com os resultados da RMN os principais produtos de degradação do ritonavir são os compostos de fórmula molecular C33H45N5O5S e C25H33N3O6.Kaletra® (lopinavir and ritonavir) is a combination of two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors indicated as part of a multi drug therapy along with other antiretroviral agents. This class of drugs inhibits the HIV protease preventing cleavage of the gag-pol polyprotein, reducing the probability of viral particles reaching a mature, infectious state. The objective of this work was: to establish the in vitro dissolution profile based on in vivo data; to determine their thermal stability in the dosage form; to determine their kinetics of degradation and to isolate and identify their major products of degradation. A stability indicating method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of both drugs in Kaletra®, using liquid chromatography. An alternative method using UV-derivative spectrometry was also proposed. The result showed a level A correlation between the in vitro dissolution profile and in vivo absorption under the proposed conditions. The LC method was fully validated and have shown to be stability indicating. The UV-derivative method showed not to be equivalent (t-test) to the LC method. Thermal stability studies have shown that lopinavir was very stable under the conditions tested while ritonavir was sensitive to heat, following a first order degradation kinetic. According to NMR results ritonavir the main degradation products have the molecular formula C33H45N5O5S and C25H33N3O6

Ion-pair HPLC applied to the assay of the vitamin B group mixture : theorical bases and method validation

Um método simples e rápido para determinação simultânea das vitaminas nicotinamida, tiamina, piridoxina, riboflavina e pantotenato de cálcio, em associação com minerais, foi desenvolvido por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, utilizando a técnica de pareamento iônico, coluna C-8 Perkin Elmer (150 x 4,6 mm DI, partícula 5 mm, poro 80 Å) e detector de ultravioleta (210 e 270 nm). A fase móvel composta de água e metanol (894:106), contendo 10 mM de hexanossulfonato de sódio, 0,5% de ácido acético e 0,1% de trietilamina a pH 3,5 promoveu excelente separação das vitaminas. O método foi aplicado com sucesso à forma farmacêutica de comprimidos e drágeas, contendo também minerais. Linearidade, precisão, recuperação e especificidade foram satisfatórias. A taxa de recuperação do método foi de 98% a 102% e os desvios padrão relativos encontrados variaram entre 0,9 e 2,5%.A rapid and simple method for the simultaneous determination of nicotinamide, thiamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin and calcium pantothenate, associated with minerals was developed by high performance liquid chromatography. These vitamins were simultaneously assayed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC with C-8 column Perkin Elmer (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 mm, 80 Å) and UV detection (210 and 270 nm). A mobile phase of water-methanol (894:106), 10 mM hexanesulfonate, 0,5% acetic acid and 0,1% triethylamine at pH 3.5 allowed the most satisfactory separation of these vitamins. The method was successfully applied to the determination of vitamins in tablets and coated tablets. Linearity, precision, recovery and specificity were always satisfactory. The average recoveries were from 98% to 102% and the relative standard deviations were between 0.9 to 2.5%

Determinação simultânea de vitaminas do complexo B, em associação com minerais, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

40

Ion-pair HPLC applied to the assay of the vitamin B group mixture : theorical bases and method validation

Um método simples e rápido para determinação simultânea das vitaminas nicotinamida, tiamina, piridoxina, riboflavina e pantotenato de cálcio, em associação com minerais, foi desenvolvido por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, utilizando a técnica de pareamento iônico, coluna C-8 Perkin Elmer (150 x 4,6 mm DI, partícula 5 mm, poro 80 Å) e detector de ultravioleta (210 e 270 nm). A fase móvel composta de água e metanol (894:106), contendo 10 mM de hexanossulfonato de sódio, 0,5% de ácido acético e 0,1% de trietilamina a pH 3,5 promoveu excelente separação das vitaminas. O método foi aplicado com sucesso à forma farmacêutica de comprimidos e drágeas, contendo também minerais. Linearidade, precisão, recuperação e especificidade foram satisfatórias. A taxa de recuperação do método foi de 98% a 102% e os desvios padrão relativos encontrados variaram entre 0,9 e 2,5%.A rapid and simple method for the simultaneous determination of nicotinamide, thiamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin and calcium pantothenate, associated with minerals was developed by high performance liquid chromatography. These vitamins were simultaneously assayed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC with C-8 column Perkin Elmer (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 mm, 80 Å) and UV detection (210 and 270 nm). A mobile phase of water-methanol (894:106), 10 mM hexanesulfonate, 0,5% acetic acid and 0,1% triethylamine at pH 3.5 allowed the most satisfactory separation of these vitamins. The method was successfully applied to the determination of vitamins in tablets and coated tablets. Linearity, precision, recovery and specificity were always satisfactory. The average recoveries were from 98% to 102% and the relative standard deviations were between 0.9 to 2.5%

Determinação simultânea de vitaminas do complexo B, em associação com minerais, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

40