Factors affecting survival in Mediterranean populations of the Eurasian eagle owl

The survival rate is a key parameter for population management and the monitoring of populations. Thus, an analysis of survival rate variations and the factors influencing the same is essential for understanding population dynamics. Here, we study the factors determining the survival and the causes of mortality of the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) in two Spanish Mediterranean populations (Murcia and Seville) where the species has a high population density and breeding success; yet its survival rates and the factors that affect them are unknown. Between 2003 and 2010, 63 breeding owls were captured and radio-tracked. Three monthly (quarterly) survival rates were estimated using known-fate models in the program MARK. The mean overall annual survival rate was 0.776 (95 % CI: 0.677, 0.875). We observed survival differences between sexes, and between the breeding and non-breeding periods, although no overwhelming support was found for any particular model. We concluded that (i) females have a lower survival rate than males, probably due to their larger home ranges, which increase the risk of mortality; (ii) the survival rates of both sexes were lower during the non-breeding period; and (iii) the causes of mortality differed significantly between the two populations, gunshot being the main cause in Seville and electrocution in Murcia.Peer Reviewe

Gerschenkron revisited: The new corporate Russia

© 2015, Journal of Economic Issues / Association for Evolutionary Economics. Our analysis is based on firm-specific data compiled from the Russian Trading System stock exchange and SKRIN (CKP-H in Russian) database. We seek to identify the factors behind Russias dramatically improved corporate sector performance from the beginning of the 2000s to December 2007. We argue that improved long-term corporate performance was a consequence of several policy initiatives associated with the state-dominated banking sector, which enabled statesubsidized investment funds to be channeled from a structurally reengineered energy sector to targeted investment projects located in other industries. We claim that Russias industrial strategy closely conforms to Alexander Gerschenkrons catch-up theory

A Splice Variant of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 5 (BBS5) Protein that Is Selectively Expressed in Retina.

PURPOSE:Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a complex ciliopathy that usually manifests with some form of retinal degeneration, amongst other ciliary-related deficiencies. One of the genetic causes of this syndrome results from a defect in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 5 (BBS5) protein. BBS5 is one component of the BBSome, a complex of proteins that regulates the protein composition in cilia. In this study, we identify a smaller molecular mass form of BBS5 as a variant formed by alternative splicing and show that expression of this splice variant is restricted to the retina. METHODS:Reverse transcription PCR from RNA was used to isolate and identify potential alternative transcripts of Bbs5. A peptide unique to the C-terminus of the BBS5 splice variant was synthesized and used to prepare antibodies that selectively recognized the BBS5 splice variant. These antibodies were used on immunoblots of tissue extracts to determine the extent of expression of the alternative transcript and on tissue slices to determine the localization of expressed protein. Pull-down of fluorescently labeled arrestin1 by immunoprecipitation of the BBS5 splice variant was performed to assess functional interaction between the two proteins. RESULTS:PCR from mouse retinal cDNA using Bbs5-specific primers amplified a unique cDNA that was shown to be a splice variant of BBS5 resulting from the use of cryptic splicing sites in Intron 7. The resulting transcript codes for a truncated form of the BBS5 protein with a unique 24 amino acid C-terminus, and predicted 26.5 kD molecular mass. PCR screening of RNA isolated from various ciliated tissues and immunoblots of protein extracts from these same tissues showed that this splice variant was expressed in retina, but not brain, heart, kidney, or testes. Quantitative PCR showed that the splice variant transcript is 8.9-fold (+/- 1.1-fold) less abundant than the full-length transcript. In the retina, the splice variant of BBS5 appears to be most abundant in the connecting cilium of photoreceptors, where BBS5 is also localized. Like BBS5, the binding of BBS5L to arrestin1 can be modulated by phosphorylation through protein kinase C. CONCLUSIONS:In this study we have identified a novel splice variant of BBS5 that appears to be expressed only in the retina. The BBS5 splice variant is expressed at approximately 10% of full-length BBS5 level. No unique functional or localization properties could be identified for the splice variant compared to BBS5

The mouse Bbs5 gene and alternative transcripts.

<p>(A) Structure of the murine <i>Bbs5</i> gene; locations for sense (S) and anti-sense (A) primers used to test for alternative transcripts are indicated above the gene structure, along with oligo(dT) and 5’RACE primers (5’R). (B) PCR amplification of reverse-transcribed murine retinal poly(A)⁺ RNA with S2 and A5 primers separated by agarose electrophoresis; arrowhead indicates a DNA product larger than the expected 216 bp product. (C) DNA sequence of intron 7 of <i>Bbs5</i> with the alternatively spliced region indicated in red (potential splice donor/acceptor sites are bold faced). (D) Sequence chromatogram of the alternative Bbs5 transcript (BBS5L) with the beginning of the cryptic exon 7a (arrow) and stop codon (asterisk) indicated. (E) Gene structure of exons 7, 7a, and 8 showing the two splicing patterns detected for the Bbs5 transcript (the location of the stop codon in Exon 7a is indicated with an asterisk).</p

Characterization of a polyclonal antibody specific for BBS5L.

<p>(A) Conceptual translation of the alternative Bbs5 transcript (Bbs5L) in comparison with Bbs5 (the unique C-terminus is colored in red). (B) Immunoblots of murine retinal extracts and heterologously expressed BBS5L (rBBS5L) and BBS5 (rBBS5) were probed with either anti-BBS5#7–15 monoclonal antibody (left half) or with anti-BBS5L polyclonal serum (right half); arrowhead indicates BBS5 or rBBS5, arrow indicates BBS5L or rBBS5L. (C) Immunoblot of aqueous-soluble extracts prepared from the indicated mouse tissue probed with anti-BBS5L polyclonal serum identifies anti-BBS5L immunoreactivity only in the retinal extract (upper panel; arrow); an antibody that recognizes both the BBS5 and BBS5L reacts with BBS5 in all extracts, and BBS5L only in retinal extract (middle panel); inset below the blot shows a replicate blot of the tissue extracts probed with anti-beta-tubulin as a loading control.</p

Alternative transcripts for murine Bbs5 predicted in the Ensembl and MGI databases, and the oligonucleotide primers designed to identify these potential transcripts.

<p>Alternative transcripts for murine Bbs5 predicted in the Ensembl and MGI databases, and the oligonucleotide primers designed to identify these potential transcripts.</p

Binding of arrestin1 by BBS5L relative to BBS5, comparing unphosphorylated and phosphorylated conditions.

<p>ARR1-Alexa546 was co-immunoprecipitated with BBS5/GST or BBS5L/GST fusion protein with anti-GST antibody and precipitated arrestin1 measured fluorimetrically. ARR1-Alexa546 was pulled down by both BBS5L and BBS5, although the precipitation by BBS5L/GST was significantly less than by BBS5 (n = 6; ρ<0.05). Phosphorylation significantly reduced the pulldown of arrestin1 by both BBS5 and BBS5L (n = 6; ρ<0.05); error bars indicate SEM. Inset shows an immunoblot of the BBS5 and BBS5L proteins probed with anti-phosphoserine antibody after phosphorylation with (+) or without (-) PKC; arrowheads indicate the expected molecular mass for BBS5L-GST (open arrowhead) and BBS5-GST (black arrowhead).</p

Reverse transcription-PCR amplification of Bbs5 and Bbs5L from various murine tissues.

<p>(A) cDNA prepared from poly(A)⁺ RNA isolated from the five indicated tissues was amplified with primers specific for Bbs5 (upper panel; arrowhead indicates expected 215 bp product), Bbs5L (middle panel; arrow indicates expected 126 bp product), or alpha-tubulin for quality control (lower panel). (B) Quantitative RT-PCR was performed for Bbs5 and Bbs5L using cDNA prepared from retinal poly(A)⁺ RNA and quantified relative to levels of β-actin cDNA (n = 3; error bars indicate SEM; ρ<0.05).</p

RT-PCR of predicted Bbs5 transcripts from retinal cDNA.

<p>The alternative transcripts for mouse Bbs5 predicted in the Ensembl (Bbs5-002 through -008) and MGI (Bbs5-X1) were amplified with primers that would selectively identify the alternative transcript. The predicted sizes (in bp) for each transcript are indicated below each lane for the full-length transcript and the alternative splice variant transcript [two alternative transcripts are possible in lane 1, corresponding to the deletion of Exon 8 (152 bp) or the inclusion of Exon 7A (379 bp)]. Lower panel shows amplification reactions with primers against alpha-tubulin to control for cDNA quality.</p

Oligonucleotide primers used for cDNA synthesis and PCR.

<p>Oligonucleotide primers used for cDNA synthesis and PCR.</p