Stark effect or coverage dependence? Disentangling the EC-SEIRAS vibrational shift of sulfate on Au(111)

Infrared spectroscopy is a widely employed analytical tool in (electrochemical) surface science as the spectra contain a wealth of information about the interaction of interfacial adsorbates with their environment. Separating and quantifying individual contributions, for example, of co-adsorbates, the substrate or electric field effects, on the overall spectral response, however, is often non-trivial as the various interactions manifest themselves in similar spectral behavior. Here, we present an experimental approach to differentiate between and quantify potential-induced coverage dependence and field-related Stark effects observed in a sulfate band shift of 93.5 ± 1.5 cm−1/V in electrochemical infrared spectra of the showcase sulfate/Au(111) interface. In combination with a simple linear model equation used to describe the potential-induced peak shift of the sulfate stretch vibration, we determine the coverage dependence contribution to be 15.6 ± 1.2 cm−1/θSO and the Stark effect to amount to 75.6 ± 2.7 cm−1/V. Our work provides a novel route to gain fundamental insight into interfacial adsorbate interactions in electrochemical surface science.J.H.K.P. and K.F.D. gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Max Planck Graduate Center with the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (MPGC). U.E.Z. is grateful for financial support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. J.M.F. thanks MCINN-FEDER (Spain) for support through Project No. CTQ2016-76221-P. K.F.D. acknowledges generous support through the Emmy Noether Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (No. DO1691/1-1) and through the “Plus 3” Program of the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation

War and the Changing Global System.

Ph.D.International lawUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/157663/1/8007728.pd

Guns, Butter, and Growth: Expenditure Patterns in Four Advanced Democracies

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Following the crowd: Social influence and technology usage.

This study examined the impact of social influence theory on distance education technology (DET) usage. Delineation of university culture types conceptualized by Bergquist (the collegial culture, the managerial culture, the developmental culture, and the negotiating culture) were also examined in relation to technology usage. This study tested the proposed relationships in a survey of distance education technology usage at a major southeastern university, and findings support the influence of past experience with technology and social influence, and provide limited support for the influence of the culture types and individual factors on technology usage. This study encourages administrators to more closely examine their own academic cultures to identify appropriate actions to take before pursuing organizational changes like DET adoption, so that the resulting DET usage might more closely mirror the expected outcomes