The Effect of Jet Flow Impingement on the Corrosion Products formed on a Pipeline Steel in Naturally Aerated Sour Brine

Corrosion was generated by the action of a jet impingement flow of sour brine on pipeline steel samples of X70. Flow-assisted corrosion affected nature, number and peak intensity of the chemical species formed as corrosion products. Iron sulfides predominated in static and low flow rate conditions (1.1 m/s), whereas at 2.4 m/s iron oxides were mainly formed, which led to higher corrosion rates and suggested that oxides are less protective than sulfides. On inhibition, imidazoline seems to mitigate oxide formation and support sulfide formation balancing both species on steel surface. Ferrite phase in laminar pearlite was preferentially dissolved with/without inhibitor, and mackinawite (FeS2) was formed at every flow rate, angle with and without inhibitor. Theoretical stresses determined by computational flow dynamics for corrosion product removal showed a fair approximation to those proposed in the literature

The origin of the Acheulean: the 1.7 million-year-old site of FLK West, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)

The appearance of the Acheulean is one of the hallmarks of human evolution. It represents the emergence of a complex behavior, expressed in the recurrent manufacture of large-sized tools, with standardized forms, implying more advance forethought and planning by hominins than those required by the precedent Oldowan technology. The earliest known evidence of this technology dates back to c. 1.7 Ma. and is limited to two sites (Kokiselei [Kenya] and Konso [Ethiopia]), both of which lack fauna. The functionality of these earliest Acheulean assemblages remains unknown. Here we present the discovery of another early Acheulean site also dating to c. 1.7 Ma from Olduvai Gorge. This site provides evidence of the earliest steps in developing the Acheulean technology and is the oldest Acheulean site in which stone tools occur spatially and functionally associated with the exploitation of fauna. Simple and elaborate large-cutting tools (LCT) and handaxes co-exist at FLK West, showing that complex cognition was present from the earliest stages of the Acheulean. Here we provide a detailed technological study and evidence of the use of these tools on the butchery and consumption of fauna, probably by early Homo erectus sensu lato

Seasonal variations of carcass characteristics, meat quality and nutrition value in iberian wild red deer

Aim of study: The effects of hunting season (autumn vs. winter) on carcass characteristics and meat quality of Iberian wild red deer were assessed. Area of study: A total of 100 males of wild red deer of Iberian genetic line (Cervus elaphus) were hunted on Ciudad Real (south central Spain). Material and methods: Yields for shoulder (with bone), neck, backbone, loin, tenderloin, leg (with bone), short plate and flank were determined. In addition, samples of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum and Rectus abdominis muscles were collected. Then, pH48, colour measurements, chemical composition, cooking loss, Warner Bratzler shear blade, fatty acid and amino acid profiles and mineral content were analyzed. Main results: Deer hunted in autumn (n=50) had higher (p<0.01) yields of shoulder, backbone and short plate and higher contents of intramuscular fat (IMF), cholesterol and K, Fe and Mn but lower (p<0.001) pH48 and Na, Mg, Zn and Cu contents than deer hunted in winter (n=50). Shear force tended (p=0.05) to be lower for meat collected in autumn than for meat collected in winter. However, loin yield was 59.2% higher (p<0.001) for winter than for autumn carcasses. Deer hunted in winter had higher α-linoleic acid (p<0.05) and long chain n-3 polyunsaturated (p<0.001) percentages than deer hunted in autumn Research highlights: Autumn hunting is recommended to obtain carcasses with higher yields of shoulder, backbone and short plate and meat with higher IMF. Conversely, winter hunting is advisable for higher loin yield and for a profile richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids

FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Regression Modeling as a Preliminary Approach for Carotenoids Determination in Cucurbita spp

Quantitative analysis of carotenoids has been extensively reported using UV\u2010Vis spectrophotometry and chromatography, instrumental techniques that require complex extraction protocols with organic solvents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a potential alternative for simplifying the analysis of food constituents. In this work, the application of FTIR with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) was evaluated for the determination of total carotenoid content (TCC) in Cucurbita spp. samples. Sixty\u2010three samples, belonging to different cultivars of butternut squash (C. moschata) and pumpkin (C. maxima), were selected and analyzed with FTIR\u2010 ATR (attenuated total reflectance). Three different preparation protocols for samples were followed: homogenization (A), freeze\u2010drying (B), and solvent extraction (C). The recorded spectra were used to develop regression models by Partial Least Squares (PLS), using data from TCC, determined by UV\u2010Vis spectrophotometry. The PLS regression model obtained with the FTIR data from the freeze\u2010dried samples, using the spectral range 920\u20133000 cm 121, had the best figures of merit (R2CAL of 0.95, R2PRED of 0.93 and RPD of 3.78), being reliable for future application in agriculture. This approach for carotenoid determination in pumpkin and squash avoids the use of organic solvents. Moreover, these results are a rationale for further exploring this technique for the assessment of specific carotenoids in food matrices

Stenocarpella maydis and Sporisorium reilianum: Two Pathogenic Fungi of Maize

Stenocarpella maydis and Sporisorium reilianum are phytopathogenic fungi that cause white rot in corn cob and head smut in maize (Zea mays L.) respectively, diseases that are spread worldwide and cause many economic losses. In this chapter the characteristics of the above diseases, such as their life cycle, pathogenicity factors, control methods, as well as the biotechnological potential of the fungi involved in this processes are described, specifically in connection to their extracellular enzymes

Acceptability and pattern of feed intake in pigs fed sugarcane molasses type B mixed with graded levels of Gliricidia sepium forage

The effects of addition of Gliricidia sepium foliage meal (GSFM) to molasses on feed acceptability and pattern of intake were studied in six crossbred, castrate male pigs of 35 kg mean liveweight, distributed in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. The factors evaluated were three levels of dietary substitution (0, 15, and 30% of GSFM) and two daily observational sessions (morning and afternoon). Feed intake was restricted to 8% of W3/4 and water was provided ad libitum. The experiment lasted 18 d with each of the three 6-d periods divided between 3 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sampling. The interaction of the two factors had effects on meal size (P<0.001) and number of visits to the feed and water trough (P<0.001). Progressive inclusion of GSFM in the diets resulted in an extension (P<0.001) of eating time (from 13.0 to 75.9 min) and a decrease (P<0.001) in eating rate (from 51.6 to 10.4 g of fresh feed/min). Meal size was correlated (P<0.001) to dietary contents of crude fiber (-0.677) and neutral detergent fiber (-0.678) and more so to dietary water holding capacity (-0.999). The acceptability of a molasses diet with addition of GSFM was shown as was the efficacy of early morning feeding. Water holding capacity may be a good indicator to predict voluntary feed intake by pigs

Hydraulic Traits Emerge as Relevant Determinants of Growth Patterns in Wild Olive Genotypes Under Water Stress

The hydraulic traits of plants, or the efficiency of water transport throughout the plant hydraulic system, could help to anticipate the impact of climate change and improve crop productivity. However, the mechanisms explaining the role of hydraulic traits on plant photosynthesis and thus, plant growth and yield, are just beginning to emerge. We conducted an experiment to identify differences in growth patterns at leaf, root and whole plant level among four wild olive genotypes and to determine whether hydraulic traits may help to explain such differences through their effect on photosynthesis. We estimated the relative growth rate (RGR), and its components, leaf gas exchange and hydraulic traits both at the leaf and whole-plant level in the olive genotypes over a full year. Photosynthetic capacity parameters were also measured. We observed different responses to water stress in the RGRs of the genotypes studied being best explained by changes in the net CO2 assimilation rate (NAR). Further, net photosynthesis, closely related to NAR, was mainly determined by hydraulic traits, both at leaf and whole-plant levels. This was mediated through the effects of hydraulic traits on stomatal conductance. We observed a decrease in leaf area: sapwood area and leaf area: root area ratios in water-stressed plants, which was more evident in the olive genotype Olea europaea subsp. guanchica (GUA8), whose RGR was less affected by water deficit than the other olive genotypes. In addition, at the leaf level, GUA8 water-stressed plants presented a better photosynthetic capacity due to a higher mesophyll conductance to CO2 and a higher foliar N. We conclude that hydraulic allometry adjustments of whole plant and leaf physiological response were well coordinated, buffering the water stress experienced by GUA8 plants. In turn, this explained their higher relative growth rates compared to the rest of the genotypes under water-stress conditions

Prevención de adicciones desde la construcción de redes sociales comunitarias. Bajo el marco de la Ley Nacional 26.061 de Protección Integral de los Derechos de las Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes.

La presente investigación se centra en la prevención de adicciones en adolescentes, tomando como muestra aproximada a 30 alumnos/as de 13 a 18 años en dos escuelas públicas secundarias: “Dr. Eduardo J. Chahla (Guaymallén) y “Profesores Mendocinos” (Luján de Cuyo) ambas ubicadas en zonas urbano marginales