Spacecraft Orbit Determination System

The present invention relates to a resident space object orbit determination system comprising a high efficiency module for determining a resident space object\u27s orbit and a highly efficient method for determining same. Applicants developed a method and system to determine the orbits of residence space objects including resident space objects that do not reflect energy that is directed at them and/or may be coated to minimize the ability to accurately see such resident space objects. Thus, a method, a module and a system for making such determinations that can easily and inexpensively be added to an early warning reentry system is provided

Combination interventions for Hepatitis C and Cirrhosis reduction among people who inject drugs: An agent-based, networked population simulation experiment

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is endemic in people who inject drugs (PWID), with prevalence estimates above 60 percent for PWID in the United States. Previous modeling studies suggest that direct acting antiviral (DAA) treatment can lower overall prevalence in this population, but treatment is often delayed until the onset of advanced liver disease (fibrosis stage 3 or later) due to cost. Lower cost interventions featuring syringe access (SA) and medically assisted treatment (MAT) for addiction are known to be less costly, but have shown mixed results in lowering HCV rates below current levels. Little is known about the potential synergistic effects of combining DAA and MAT treatment, and large-scale tests of combined interventions are rare. While simulation experiments can reveal likely long-term effects, most prior simulations have been performed on closed populations of model agents--a scenario quite different from the open, mobile populations known to most health agencies. This paper uses data from the Centers for Disease Control's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance project, IDU round 3, collected in New York City in 2012 by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to parameterize simulations of open populations. Our results show that, in an open population, SA/MAT by itself has only small effects on HCV prevalence, while DAA treatment by itself can significantly lower both HCV and HCV-related advanced liver disease prevalence. More importantly, the simulation experiments suggest that cost effective synergistic combinations of the two strategies can dramatically reduce HCV incidence. We conclude that adopting SA/MAT implementations alongside DAA interventions can play a critical role in reducing the long-term consequences of ongoing infection

American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 1: Minimum Technical Requirements for Performing Clinical Electroencephalography

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A Netrin-3 Like Protein is Secreted from \u3ci\u3eTetrahymena thermophila\u3c/i\u3e

Netrin proteins are a family of laminin-related secreted proteins that provide signals for axonal growth and cell migration during vertebrate development. Netrin homologs are expressed throughout the animal kingdom; however, some animals do not express a homolog of any known netrin receptors. We have previously found that the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila, responds to netrin-1 peptide by showing avoidance behavior. In addition, Tetrahymena secrete a protein that is immunologically similar to netrin-1 as detected by ELISA. Since netrin-3, like netrin-1, is a guidance molecule for axons and overlaps signaling pathways with netrin-1 in vertebrates, we hypothesized that netrin-3 may also act as a chemorepellent in Tetrahymena. While behavioral assays did not confirm this hypothesis, growth assays indicate that netrin-3 peptide inhibits cell division in Tetrahymena. In addition, ELISA and Western blots indicate that a netrin-3 like protein of approximately 48 kDa is secreted from Tetrahymena. Immunolocalization of this protein within the cell shows that it appears in widely distributed throughout the cell, and co-localizes with the netrin-1 like protein. Using ER tracker™, we found that some of the netrin-3-like protein co-localizes with the endoplasmic reticulum, as might be expected for a secreted protein. Further experimentation is necessary to determine the mechanism by which netrin-3 peptide inhibits growth in Tetrahymena

Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes

In the ongoing debates about eukaryogenesis—the series of evolutionary events leading to the emergence of the eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic ancestors— members of the Asgard archaea play a key part as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes1. However, the nature and phylogenetic identity of the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea and eukaryotes remain unresolved2–4. Here we analyse distinct phylogenetic marker datasets of an expanded genomic sampling of Asgard archaea and evaluate competing evolutionary scenarios using state-of-the-art phylogenomic approaches. We find that eukaryotes are placed, with high confidence, as a well-nested clade within Asgard archaea and as a sister lineage to Hodarchaeales, a newly proposed order within Heimdallarchaeia. Using sophisticated gene tree and species tree reconciliation approaches, we show that analogous to the evolution of eukaryotic genomes, genome evolution in Asgard archaea involved significantly more gene duplication and fewer gene loss events compared with other archaea. Finally, we infer that the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea was probably a thermophilic chemolithotroph and that the lineage from which eukaryotes evolved adapted to mesophilic conditions and acquired the genetic potential to support a heterotrophic lifestyle. Our work provides key insights into the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition and a platform for better understanding the emergence of cellular complexity in eukaryotic cells