Reduced fertilization of the grapevine variety Grk (V. vinifera L.) and its impact on the grape and wine quality

Grk je autohtona sorta vinove loze značajna danas za vinogradarsto Lumbarde i okolnog područja na otoku Korčule. Jedna je od rijetkih sorata vinove loze s funkcionalno ženskim cvijetom, što kod uzgoja ove sorte uzrokuje određene teškoće vezane uz oplodnju i razvoj bobica u grozdu. Sorta je specifična po pojavi malih, besjemenih bobica (lokalni naziv „pasoline”) koje se u grozdu nalaze zajedno sa znatno većim bobicama koje sadrže sjemenke. Udio pojedininog tipa bobica unutar grozda vrlo je varijabilan. Ovim istraživanjem nastojalo se utvrditi koji su uzroci pojave besjemenih bobica kod sorte Grk vezani uz građu i razvitak muškog i ženskog gametofita, utvrditi utjecaj različitih sorata oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica u grozdu te utvrditi varijacije kvalitete grožđa i vina uzrokovane različitim udijelima besjemenih bobica (pasolina). Analizom muškog gametofita utvrđeno je nepostojanje pora za klijanje na sporodermi peludi sorte Grk. Iz toga razloga pelud ove sorte je sterilna iako se razvoj gameta odvija normalno te zrelo peludno zrno sadrži dvije spermalne i jednu vegetativnu jezgru. Utvrđena je pravilna građa sjemenog zametka te prisutnost pojedinačnih stanica ženskog gametofita u zrelom stadiju. Embriji unutar sjemenoga zametka nastavljaju normalan razvoj kroz sve stadije razvoja ili dolazi do propadanja sjemenih zametaka. Proces propadanja započinje kod neoplođenih bobica veličine 4 mm. Analiza utjecaja oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica pokazuje da su najbolji oprašivači bili sorte Pošip (27,68% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) i Plavac mali (26,95% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) dok je najlošiji oprašivač sorta Chardonnay (9,73% sjemenih bobica u grozdu). Analizom kvalitete mošta utvrđeno je da velike sjemene bobice sadrže signifikantno veći sadržaj šećera u moštu i pH vrijednost mošta dok male besjemene bobice imaju signifikantno veći sadržaj kiselina. Organoleptičkom analizom vina nije utvrđena signifikantna razlika između varijanata vina od 80% malih besjemenih bobica u grozdu i one sa 80% sjemenih bobica u grozdu. Signifikantnih razlika nije bilo niti u parametrima osnovne kemijske analize vina osim kod sadržaja pepela u korist vina sa podjednakim udjelom velikih sjemenih bobica i besjemenih bobica (pasolina). U vinu dobivenom od 80% pasolina utvrđeno je signifikantno najviše kafeinske, kumarinske i ferulinske kiseline te procijanidina B1 i resveratrola.Grk is a native grapevine variety important for viticulture of the Lumbarda area on the island of Korčula. It is one of the rare grape varieties with functionally female flower, which causes certain difficulties in grape production associated with poor fertilization and the development of the berry. Each cluster of this variety contains small, seedless berries (local name pasoline) and large berries that contain seeds. The share of berries type within the cluster is highly variable. This study attempts to identify the causes of poor seedless berries development trough the analysis of structure and development of male and female gametophyte, to determine the effect of different pollinator varieties on the number of seeded berries in the cluster and to determine the impact of seedless berry share on quality of grapes and wine. Lack of germination pores on pollen sporoderma was found in the analysis. For this reason, the pollen of this variety is sterile, although the development of gametes takes place normally and mature pollen grain contains two sperms and a vegetative nucleus. The structure of the ovule and the presence of individual cells of the female gametophyte in the mature stage were regular. Embryos inside the ovule develop normally through all the developmental stages, otherwise decay of the ovule takes place. The process of the ovule decay begins in unfertilized berries which are 4 mm in size. The decline of ovules caused by two processes: parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy. Parthenocarpy occurs in berries in which there has been no fertilization. The stenospermocarpy occurs with berries where there has been a process of fertilization but cessation of ovul growth and its degeneration was caused by unknown physiological factors within the plant. In embrio sac of certain berries whose stigmas in the opening flower remained covered with flower cap, there was deternin existence of the zygote in the phase of intensive elongation. Ther was also obvious that both sinergide look identical and non-degenerate, indicating that there was no penetration of the pollen tubes and no proper fertilization proces occured. This fact potentially leads to a hypothesis that in vines can reach process of apomixis. The analysis of the impact of pollinator variety on the number of seeded berries shows that the best pollinators were the following varieties: Pošip (27.68% seeded berries in a cluster) and Plavac mali (26.95% seeded berries in a cluster). The worst pollinator variety was Chardonnay (9.73% seeded berries in a cluster). The analysis of the must quality determined that the large seeded berries contain significantly higher sugar content and pH value while the small seedless berries have significantly higher acid content. A significant difference between varieties of wine made from 80% of small seedless berries in the cluster and those made of 80% of the seeded berries in the cluster was not found in the organoleptic analysis. A significant difference was not determined even in the basic chemical composition of the wine except for ash content in the wine with equal share of large seeded berries and seedless berries. Significantly the largest content of caffeic, coumaric and ferulic acid, procyanidin B1 and resveratrol was found in the wine made from 80% seedless berries

Reduced fertilization of the grapevine variety Grk (V. vinifera L.) and its impact on the grape and wine quality

Grk je autohtona sorta vinove loze značajna danas za vinogradarsto Lumbarde i okolnog područja na otoku Korčule. Jedna je od rijetkih sorata vinove loze s funkcionalno ženskim cvijetom, što kod uzgoja ove sorte uzrokuje određene teškoće vezane uz oplodnju i razvoj bobica u grozdu. Sorta je specifična po pojavi malih, besjemenih bobica (lokalni naziv „pasoline”) koje se u grozdu nalaze zajedno sa znatno većim bobicama koje sadrže sjemenke. Udio pojedininog tipa bobica unutar grozda vrlo je varijabilan. Ovim istraživanjem nastojalo se utvrditi koji su uzroci pojave besjemenih bobica kod sorte Grk vezani uz građu i razvitak muškog i ženskog gametofita, utvrditi utjecaj različitih sorata oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica u grozdu te utvrditi varijacije kvalitete grožđa i vina uzrokovane različitim udijelima besjemenih bobica (pasolina). Analizom muškog gametofita utvrđeno je nepostojanje pora za klijanje na sporodermi peludi sorte Grk. Iz toga razloga pelud ove sorte je sterilna iako se razvoj gameta odvija normalno te zrelo peludno zrno sadrži dvije spermalne i jednu vegetativnu jezgru. Utvrđena je pravilna građa sjemenog zametka te prisutnost pojedinačnih stanica ženskog gametofita u zrelom stadiju. Embriji unutar sjemenoga zametka nastavljaju normalan razvoj kroz sve stadije razvoja ili dolazi do propadanja sjemenih zametaka. Proces propadanja započinje kod neoplođenih bobica veličine 4 mm. Analiza utjecaja oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica pokazuje da su najbolji oprašivači bili sorte Pošip (27,68% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) i Plavac mali (26,95% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) dok je najlošiji oprašivač sorta Chardonnay (9,73% sjemenih bobica u grozdu). Analizom kvalitete mošta utvrđeno je da velike sjemene bobice sadrže signifikantno veći sadržaj šećera u moštu i pH vrijednost mošta dok male besjemene bobice imaju signifikantno veći sadržaj kiselina. Organoleptičkom analizom vina nije utvrđena signifikantna razlika između varijanata vina od 80% malih besjemenih bobica u grozdu i one sa 80% sjemenih bobica u grozdu. Signifikantnih razlika nije bilo niti u parametrima osnovne kemijske analize vina osim kod sadržaja pepela u korist vina sa podjednakim udjelom velikih sjemenih bobica i besjemenih bobica (pasolina). U vinu dobivenom od 80% pasolina utvrđeno je signifikantno najviše kafeinske, kumarinske i ferulinske kiseline te procijanidina B1 i resveratrola.Grk is a native grapevine variety important for viticulture of the Lumbarda area on the island of Korčula. It is one of the rare grape varieties with functionally female flower, which causes certain difficulties in grape production associated with poor fertilization and the development of the berry. Each cluster of this variety contains small, seedless berries (local name pasoline) and large berries that contain seeds. The share of berries type within the cluster is highly variable. This study attempts to identify the causes of poor seedless berries development trough the analysis of structure and development of male and female gametophyte, to determine the effect of different pollinator varieties on the number of seeded berries in the cluster and to determine the impact of seedless berry share on quality of grapes and wine. Lack of germination pores on pollen sporoderma was found in the analysis. For this reason, the pollen of this variety is sterile, although the development of gametes takes place normally and mature pollen grain contains two sperms and a vegetative nucleus. The structure of the ovule and the presence of individual cells of the female gametophyte in the mature stage were regular. Embryos inside the ovule develop normally through all the developmental stages, otherwise decay of the ovule takes place. The process of the ovule decay begins in unfertilized berries which are 4 mm in size. The decline of ovules caused by two processes: parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy. Parthenocarpy occurs in berries in which there has been no fertilization. The stenospermocarpy occurs with berries where there has been a process of fertilization but cessation of ovul growth and its degeneration was caused by unknown physiological factors within the plant. In embrio sac of certain berries whose stigmas in the opening flower remained covered with flower cap, there was deternin existence of the zygote in the phase of intensive elongation. Ther was also obvious that both sinergide look identical and non-degenerate, indicating that there was no penetration of the pollen tubes and no proper fertilization proces occured. This fact potentially leads to a hypothesis that in vines can reach process of apomixis. The analysis of the impact of pollinator variety on the number of seeded berries shows that the best pollinators were the following varieties: Pošip (27.68% seeded berries in a cluster) and Plavac mali (26.95% seeded berries in a cluster). The worst pollinator variety was Chardonnay (9.73% seeded berries in a cluster). The analysis of the must quality determined that the large seeded berries contain significantly higher sugar content and pH value while the small seedless berries have significantly higher acid content. A significant difference between varieties of wine made from 80% of small seedless berries in the cluster and those made of 80% of the seeded berries in the cluster was not found in the organoleptic analysis. A significant difference was not determined even in the basic chemical composition of the wine except for ash content in the wine with equal share of large seeded berries and seedless berries. Significantly the largest content of caffeic, coumaric and ferulic acid, procyanidin B1 and resveratrol was found in the wine made from 80% seedless berries

Reduced fertilization of the grapevine variety Grk (V. vinifera L.) and its impact on the grape and wine quality

Grk je autohtona sorta vinove loze značajna danas za vinogradarsto Lumbarde i okolnog područja na otoku Korčule. Jedna je od rijetkih sorata vinove loze s funkcionalno ženskim cvijetom, što kod uzgoja ove sorte uzrokuje određene teškoće vezane uz oplodnju i razvoj bobica u grozdu. Sorta je specifična po pojavi malih, besjemenih bobica (lokalni naziv „pasoline”) koje se u grozdu nalaze zajedno sa znatno većim bobicama koje sadrže sjemenke. Udio pojedininog tipa bobica unutar grozda vrlo je varijabilan. Ovim istraživanjem nastojalo se utvrditi koji su uzroci pojave besjemenih bobica kod sorte Grk vezani uz građu i razvitak muškog i ženskog gametofita, utvrditi utjecaj različitih sorata oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica u grozdu te utvrditi varijacije kvalitete grožđa i vina uzrokovane različitim udijelima besjemenih bobica (pasolina). Analizom muškog gametofita utvrđeno je nepostojanje pora za klijanje na sporodermi peludi sorte Grk. Iz toga razloga pelud ove sorte je sterilna iako se razvoj gameta odvija normalno te zrelo peludno zrno sadrži dvije spermalne i jednu vegetativnu jezgru. Utvrđena je pravilna građa sjemenog zametka te prisutnost pojedinačnih stanica ženskog gametofita u zrelom stadiju. Embriji unutar sjemenoga zametka nastavljaju normalan razvoj kroz sve stadije razvoja ili dolazi do propadanja sjemenih zametaka. Proces propadanja započinje kod neoplođenih bobica veličine 4 mm. Analiza utjecaja oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica pokazuje da su najbolji oprašivači bili sorte Pošip (27,68% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) i Plavac mali (26,95% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) dok je najlošiji oprašivač sorta Chardonnay (9,73% sjemenih bobica u grozdu). Analizom kvalitete mošta utvrđeno je da velike sjemene bobice sadrže signifikantno veći sadržaj šećera u moštu i pH vrijednost mošta dok male besjemene bobice imaju signifikantno veći sadržaj kiselina. Organoleptičkom analizom vina nije utvrđena signifikantna razlika između varijanata vina od 80% malih besjemenih bobica u grozdu i one sa 80% sjemenih bobica u grozdu. Signifikantnih razlika nije bilo niti u parametrima osnovne kemijske analize vina osim kod sadržaja pepela u korist vina sa podjednakim udjelom velikih sjemenih bobica i besjemenih bobica (pasolina). U vinu dobivenom od 80% pasolina utvrđeno je signifikantno najviše kafeinske, kumarinske i ferulinske kiseline te procijanidina B1 i resveratrola.Grk is a native grapevine variety important for viticulture of the Lumbarda area on the island of Korčula. It is one of the rare grape varieties with functionally female flower, which causes certain difficulties in grape production associated with poor fertilization and the development of the berry. Each cluster of this variety contains small, seedless berries (local name pasoline) and large berries that contain seeds. The share of berries type within the cluster is highly variable. This study attempts to identify the causes of poor seedless berries development trough the analysis of structure and development of male and female gametophyte, to determine the effect of different pollinator varieties on the number of seeded berries in the cluster and to determine the impact of seedless berry share on quality of grapes and wine. Lack of germination pores on pollen sporoderma was found in the analysis. For this reason, the pollen of this variety is sterile, although the development of gametes takes place normally and mature pollen grain contains two sperms and a vegetative nucleus. The structure of the ovule and the presence of individual cells of the female gametophyte in the mature stage were regular. Embryos inside the ovule develop normally through all the developmental stages, otherwise decay of the ovule takes place. The process of the ovule decay begins in unfertilized berries which are 4 mm in size. The decline of ovules caused by two processes: parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy. Parthenocarpy occurs in berries in which there has been no fertilization. The stenospermocarpy occurs with berries where there has been a process of fertilization but cessation of ovul growth and its degeneration was caused by unknown physiological factors within the plant. In embrio sac of certain berries whose stigmas in the opening flower remained covered with flower cap, there was deternin existence of the zygote in the phase of intensive elongation. Ther was also obvious that both sinergide look identical and non-degenerate, indicating that there was no penetration of the pollen tubes and no proper fertilization proces occured. This fact potentially leads to a hypothesis that in vines can reach process of apomixis. The analysis of the impact of pollinator variety on the number of seeded berries shows that the best pollinators were the following varieties: Pošip (27.68% seeded berries in a cluster) and Plavac mali (26.95% seeded berries in a cluster). The worst pollinator variety was Chardonnay (9.73% seeded berries in a cluster). The analysis of the must quality determined that the large seeded berries contain significantly higher sugar content and pH value while the small seedless berries have significantly higher acid content. A significant difference between varieties of wine made from 80% of small seedless berries in the cluster and those made of 80% of the seeded berries in the cluster was not found in the organoleptic analysis. A significant difference was not determined even in the basic chemical composition of the wine except for ash content in the wine with equal share of large seeded berries and seedless berries. Significantly the largest content of caffeic, coumaric and ferulic acid, procyanidin B1 and resveratrol was found in the wine made from 80% seedless berries

New trends in plant material production of autochthonous grapevine cultivars

U Hrvatskoj, kao i u svim mediteranskim zemljama, već se stoljećima njeguje tradicija proizvodnje grožđa i vina. Čitav niz geografskih i klimatskih osobitosti, ali i povijesno društvenih okolnosti, uvjetovale su da se tijekom stoljeća na malome teritoriju pojavi velika raznolikost sortimenta vinove loze. U 19. stoljeću pojavom filoksere i kriptogenih bolesti te gospodarsko-ekonomskih neprilika dolazi do masovnog napuštanja tradicionalnog načina vinogradarenja te izumiranja brojnih sorata vinove loze. Znanstveni projekt „Ampelografska i genetička evaluacija autohtonih sorata vinove loze“ kao i niz stručnih projekata na Agronomskom fakultetu u Zagrebu pokrenuti su s ciljem detaljne evaluacije preostalog sortimenta vinove loze u Republici Hrvatskoj i njegove revitalizacije. U isto vrijeme aktivnom državnom politikom povećanja proizvodnih površina pod trajnim nasadima učinjeni su veliki koraci u procesu gospodarske revitalizacije određenog broja autohtonih sorata. Proizvodnja sadnog materijala vinove loze u razdoblju od 2004. godine do 2010. godine bilježi kontinuirani rast, a svoj vrhunac doživljava 2006. i 2007. godine. Povećanje proizvodnje vidljivo je i kod autohtonih sorata - kako po ukupnoj količini tako i po povećanju broja sorata. U proizvodnji cjepova auohtonog sortimenta najveći udio zauzimaju tradicionalno najpopularnije sorte kao što su Plavac mali i Malvazija istarska, ali slijede ih i sorte Debit, Plavina, Babić, Maraština, Pošip, Žlahtina te neke druge sorte poput Crljenka kaštelanskog i Malvasije dubrovačke. Početak proizvodnje sadnog materijala određenog dijela autohonih sorata možemo povezati s rezultatima ranije navedenih projekata. Te činjenice govore o sve većoj popularnosti, ali i važnosti autohtonih sorata na hrvatskom vinskom tržištu, što svakako pridonosi reputaciji Hrvatske kao mediteranske zemlje vrlo bogate vinogradarske i vinarske kulture te očuvanih biljnih resursa.In Croatia, like in all Mediterranean countries, there is a centuries-old tradition in grape and wine production. A whole set of geographical and climate characteristics, next to historical and social circumstances, caused diversity in grapevine cultivars in such a small territory. Economic problems, together with the emersion of phylloxera and cryptogenic diseases in the 19th century caused the disappearance of traditional ways in viticulture along with the extinction of respectable number of cultivars of the grapevine. Scientific project "Ampelographic and genetic evaluation of the autochthonous grapevine cultivars“, next to many other projects on the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb were started with the purpose of making a detailed evaluation of the remaining grapevine cultivars in Croatia and their revitalization. At the same time, an active government policy supporting the increase of grapevine production resulted in an economic revitalization of a certain number of autochthonous grapevine cultivars. The production of the grapevine planting material in the period from 2004 to 2010 grew continuously and reached its top in 2006 and 2007. When it comes to autochthonous cultivars, the upsurge in the production is visible as in the total quantity, so in the increasing number of cultivars. In the production of planting material of the autochthonous cultivars, the highest share belongs to traditionally the most popular cultivars Plavac Mali and Malvazija istarska, following by cultivars Debit, Plavina, Babic, Marastina, Posip, Zlahtina, Crljenak kastelanski and Malvasija dubrovacka. The beginning of the production of the planting material of certain autochthonous cultivars can be associated with the results of the projects mentioned above. These facts show the increase in the popularity and importance of the autochthonous cultivars in Croatian wine market, which certainly encourages Croatia’s reputation of a Mediterranean country with a very rich grape vine and wine culture and preserved natural resources

Ampelographic characteristics of clone candidates of variety Grk (V. vinifera, L.) in year 2010

Grk je autohtona sorta vinove loze sa ženskim cvijetom koja se uzgaja na području primorske Hrvatske. Od 2006. godine provodi se klonska selekcija sorte Grk. U pokusni nasad “Baštica” 2007. posađeno je vegetativno potomstvo odabranih matičnih trseva s pozitivnim karakteristikama koji su ujedno pokazali odsutnost gospodarski štetnih virusa. Utvrđeno je kako između klonskih kandidata postoje visoko signifikantne razlike u svim mjerenim svojstvima. Također je utvrđeno da udio neoplođenih bobica tj. pasolina ima utjecaj na uvometrijske karakteristike, te kemijska svojstva mošta. Provedena je i odgovarajuća statistička obrada podataka s ciljem utvrđivanja značajnosti razlika između klonskih kandidata na sva mjerena svojstva.Grk is an autochthonous grapevine cultivar dominantly grown in Costal Croatia region. A clonal selection of Grk cultivar has been conducted since 2006. Vegetative offsprings of chosen mother vines with positive characteristics, which have also shown the lack of economically harmful viruses, were planted in the experimental plantation “Baštica“. Significant differences between clonal candidates were determined in all characteristics evaluated. It is also determined that proportion of seedless berries has an impact on must chemical composition and some uvometric characteristics. A matching statistical data processing was conducted with the goal of determining the significance of differences between clone candidates to all measured characteristics

Ampelographic characteristics of clone candidates of cultivar Pošip (V. vinifera L.) in experimental plantation “Baštica” in 2010

Pošip je autohtona sorta vinove loze iz područja primorske Hrvatske koja se najvećim dijelom uzgaja na otoku Korčuli. Od 2006. godine ta je sorta uključena u postupak klonske selekcije. U pokusni nasad „Baštica“ 2007. godine posađeno je vegetativno potomstvo odabranih matičnih trseva s pozitivnim karakteristikama koji su ujedno pokazali odsutnost gospodarski štetnih virusa. U 2010. godini na klonskim je kandidatima provedena ampelografska analiza koja uključuje mjerenje prinosa grožđa po trsu, uvometrijska mjerenja te kemijsku analizu mošta. Prikupljeni podaci statistički su obrađeni i interpretirani kako bi se utvrdile značajne razlike među kandidatima. U većini promatranih parametara utvrđene su visoko signifikantne razlike. Signifikantna razlika nije utvrđena jedino u prosječnoj masi grozda. Mehaničkom analizom grozda utvrđen je kod određenog broja klonova iznimno visok udio mesa u grozdu.Pošip is an autochthonous grapevine cultivar dominantly grown in Costal Croatian region, mostly expanded on the island of Korčula. Since 2006 this grapevine variety is included in process of clonal selection. Vegetative offspring of chosen mother vines with positive characteristic, which have also shown the lack of economically harmful viruses, were planted in the experimental plantation “Baštica“. In 2010 there was made an ampelographic evaluation which included yield per vine measurement, uvometric research and chemical analysis of must. An adequate statistical data processing was carried out in order to determine the significance of differences between the clonal candidates. It was determined that there are highly significant differences between clone candidates in all of the measured characteristics. Significant difference is not registered only in bunch weight parameter. As well, mechanical analysis of bunches has shown very high content of pulp in total bunch weight

Cryopreservation Protocols for Grapevine Shoot Tips

Grapevine is an important plant species known worldwide, counting more than 10,000 cultivars of Vitis vinifera spread all over the world. There is a strong need for long-term conservation of grapevine genetic resources. With so polymorphic species, it is highly difficult to obtain relevant results considering that cryopreservation protocols were established testing only few very often specific cultivars. Regarding cryopreservation protocols, many factors are influencing the final result. Research articles processing cryopreservation protocols of grapevine are reporting a percentage of recovery, but a broader application of some protocol on a large range of Vitis vinifera cultivars is limited. How to design an efficient cryopreservation protocol, starting from plant material to the appropriate observation of recovery, will be discussed in this chapter

Historic development of the most important autochthonous dalmatian grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

Uzgoj vinove loze na području Dalmacije ima tradiciju dužu od dva tisućljeća. Pregledom povijesnih zapisa o uzgoju istraživanih sorata na području Dalmacije većina sorata se po prvi put spominje u 19.st. Iznimku čini sorta Tribidrag o čijem uzgoju prvi spomen nalazimo u 16.st. Većina istraživanih sorata se u značajnoj mjeri uzgajala i u predfiloksernom razdoblju te su i danas gospodarski iznimno značajne na području Dalmacije, ali i Republike Hrvatske u cjelini.Tradition of grape wine cultivation in Dalmatia lasts over two millenniums. Overviewing the historical accounts on the production of researched varieties in Dalmatia, most of the varieties are mentioned in the 19th century. Variety Tribidrag is an exception as accounts on its cultivation date to 16th century. Most of the researched varieties have been significantly cultivated during the pre-phylloxera period and are still exceptionally economically important in Dalmatia and Republic of Croatia as a whole