Morphological characteristics of the pancreatic heterotopia in the major duodenal papilla

The anatomical, morphometrical, histological and immunohistochemical studies of the major duodenal papilla were performed on the materials of 327 autopsy cases. The pancreatic heterotopia was revealed in 14,7% cases. This abnormality was associated with an existence of gallstone disease. More often the heterotopic pancreatic tissue was detected in the medial wall of the major duodenal papilla and its septum. Exocrine, complete and ductular histological variants of pancreatic heterotopia were revealed. The latter existed either as a morphological basis of papillary adenomas with cellular hyperplasia possessing smooth muscle immunophenotype, or as the result of atrophy and sclerosis of the exocrine heterotopic structure

Конституционное требование необходимости: постановка проблемы

The subject-matter of the research is the constitutional test of necessity. This element of proportionality could be found in doctrine and case-law in the form of metaphors. The necessity as a prong of proportionality consists in testing the available alternatives in comparison with the measures that the legislator has chosen to achieve public aims. The notion of a least restrictive means can be used as a synonym for this element of proportionality. Although this term is cumbersome, it more precisely defines the nature of constitutional litigation, where the admissibility of interference with fundamental rights is assessed.The purpose of the research is to argue that this element of proportionality implies the assessment of the least restrictive alternatives for the rights-holder in order to achieve the goal chosen by the legislator.The methodology of research includes the method of analogy. Accordingly, the analogical reasoning is used in constitutional adjudication when testing necessity of legislative measures, but not the methods of logical subsumtion or judicial balancing. The sources of such analogy can be the rules of international law, ordinary legislation and comparative legal materials.The main results of the research and the scope of their application. The expression necessity is widely used in international law and ordinary legislation. Such approaches are relevant to constitutional adjudication. Thus, the ultima ratio principle, which initially appears in criminal and administrative law, acquires universal application in constitutional justice. This criterion, which requires the use of the most severe legal measures only as a last resort, with the ineffectiveness of softer alternatives, can be extended to the constitutionalization of other branches of legislation.The test of necessity, which is often expressed in metaphors, in the case-law of constitutional justice is based on the method of analogy. In the decisions of the constitutional justice bodies, the least restrictive means are often mentioned in comparison with those which were originally chosen by the legislator. At the same time, the discovered alternatives should be equally or at least minimally suitable in comparison with the existing legislative solutions. Comparative law, international law, or ordinary legislation are often an auxiliary source for constitutional judges to identify and formulate least restrictive alternatives.Conclusions. The value of the analogical reasoning, including the appeal of constitutional justice to comparative law materials, lies in the possibility of identifying some experimental legal regimes. Moreover, the perception of specific alternatives, their clarification or modification remains within the discretionary powers of the legislature. Thus, avoiding the well-known counter-majoritarian difficulty, constitutional justice conducts a dialogue with the parliament, and in the end, contributes to the optimal implementation of fundamental rights.Рассматривается требование необходимости – этот элемент соразмерности в истории права известен давно в форме метафор. В таком образном выражении необходимость встречается в доктрине и судебной практике. Применение необходимости в конституционном правосудии отличается юридической методологией. Этот элемент соразмерности подразумевает оценку альтернатив, способных достичь выбранной законодателем цели при наименьшем обременении носителя конституционных прав. Соответственно, в конституционном судопроизводстве применяется метод аналогии, а не традиционный дедуктивный метод юридической квалификации или прием взвешивания интересов. Источниками аналогии могут служить нормы международного права, отраслевые институты и сравнительно-правовые материалы

Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in breast cancer patients in Russia

The study enrolled women with breast cancer from the regional oncology dispensary with histologically verified diagnosi

The development of hypertensive neuroretinopathy model on wistar rats

A model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy was developed on Wistar line rats with administration of non-selective NO-synthase blocker N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in a dose 12.5 mg/kg within 28 days on the background of single increased intraocular pressure (IOP) to 110 mmHg. As a result of the interim evaluation of pathology simulation mode the most optimal was a model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy with 5-minute increased IOP at day 26 of the experiment on the background of L-NAME for further study of neuroretinoprotective properties of pharmacological agent

Pharmacological preconditioning by recombinant erythropoietin as the possibility of increasing the stability of tissue of the retina to reperfusion ischemia in experiment

Ischemic injury was formed in laboratory rats by applying mechanical pressure (110 mm Hg) to the anterior eye chamber for 30 minutes. The experiment revealed that the recombinant erythropoietin (50 IU/kg) prevents the development of degenerative changes in retinal layers caused by ischemic injur

Study of the influence of L-norvaline, rosuvastatin and their combination on the level of microcirculation in bone tissue in experimental osteoporosis and fractures on its background

The experiment was carried out in female white Wistar rats to investigate the effect of L-norvaline, rosuvastatin and their combination on parameters of blood supply to the bone tissue on models of experimental osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture

Morphometric study of hippocampal neurons in chronic immobilization stress

Hippocampus ensures the implementation of the memory mechanisms, behavioral reactions, including avoidance of stress, aversive effects etc. The study was performed on the material of 20 male Wistar rats weighing 220-250 g, 10 of which were intact control group and 10 were experimental group, in which chronic immobilization stress was simulated. We determined the relative number of neurons in multiple fields of view on the total area of the pyramidal and polymorphic layers of CA1 and CA3 regions (further recalculated per 10,000 μm), larger and smaller diameters of neuron’s bodies, their perimeters and areas with diameters of nuclei and nucleoli, nuclear-cytoplasmic rati

Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in patients with chronic heart failure

In our study we applied immunohistochemical method and quantitative analysis to investigate an expression of hypothalamic neurohormones (corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin) and adrenocorticotropin hormone in the pituitary, as well as performed general histological examination of the adrenal contexyesBelgorod State Universit

The Use of Diamond - Like Carbon Coated Surgical Polypropylene Meshes for Incisional Hernia Repair

Application of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated surgical polypropylene meshes compared to similar prostheses without coating at surgical incisional hernia repair enables to decrease intensity of local inflammatory reaction in the operation are

The effect of humoral factors released by hypoperfused placenta on fetal development

Simulation of hypoperfusion of the right uterine horn in rats on the 14th day of pregnancy resulted in disruption of microcirculation in placentas of the left uterine horn, decrease of fetal weight and length as well as in fetal death after implantation. The obtained data complement the overall understanding of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and placental insufficiency and create preconditions for development of new areas of creation of effective drugs for treatment and prevention of these pathologie