« Die Grenzüberschreitung nach Steinhof » Zu Thomas Bernhards Erzählung Gehen

Dans Gehen (1971), deux mathématiciens, le narrateur et un certain Oehler parlent de leur ami Karrer qui, lors d’une visite, en compagnie d’Oehler, dans le magasin de pantalons Rustenschacher est devenu fou et a été transféré ensuite à l’hôpital psychiatrique de Steinhof. Comme les deux promeneurs, Karrer est un génie qui, contrairement à la masse des gens, ose poser la question de l’existence jusqu’à ses ultimes limites et risque ainsi de sombrer dans la démence. Selon Oehler, c’est le suicide de son ami Hollensteiner, un autre génie victime de l’État autrichien, qui a motivé concrètement le basculement de Karrer dans la folie. On retrouve donc dans cette nouvelle plusieurs motifs centraux de l’œuvre de Bernhard : la relation entre génie et folie, la question à savoir où tracer la frontière entre raison et démence ou les attaques contre l’Autriche. Cependant, à côté de la lecture « philosophique » habituelle nous proposons une lecture historique et politique qui est sous-jacente au texte. Oehler s’avère être un Juif revenu à Vienne après un exil de trente ans manifestant des tendances suicidaires. Comme Oehler, Karrer souffre de traumatismes liés à son enfance sous le nazisme. Il sombre définitivement dans la démence quand il échoue dans sa tentative d’amener Rustenschacher et son neveu à avouer que les pantalons qu’ils proposent sont défectueux. Ces imperfections seulement visibles à la lueur d’une lampe symbolisent la culpabilité autrichienne refoulée. Karrer qui rompt la loi du silence paie son amour de la vérité par la déraison.In der Erzählung Gehen (1971) un­ter­hal­ten sich zwei Mathematiker, der Erzähler und ein ge­wis­ser Oehler über ihren Freund Karrer, der an­läss­lich eines Besuchs im Rustenschacherschen Hosenladen, bei dem auch Oehler zu­ge­gen war, ver­rückt und an­schlie­ßend in die Heilanstalt Steinhof ein­ge­lie­fert wurde. Bei Karrer wie bei den Gehenden han­delt es sich um Genies, die es im Gegensatz zur Masse wagen, die Existenzfrage zu Ende zu den­ken und so ri­skie­ren, die Grenze zum Wahnsinn zu über­schrei­ten. Das end­gül­tige Verrücktwerden Karrers in­ter­pre­tiert Oehler als Folge des Selbstmordes von des­sen Freund Hollensteiner, eines wei­te­ren « Geistesmenschen » und Opfer des öster­rei­chi­schen Staates. Dominierende Motive in Bernhards Werk wie das Verhältnis von Genie und Wahnsinn, die Frage nach der Grenze zum Wahnsinn oder die Problematik des Weggehens fin­den sich kon­zen­triert in die­ser Erzählung. Dennoch er­weist sich bei ge­nau­e­rem Lesen, dass neben die­ser so­zu­sa­gen phi­lo­so­phi­schen auch eine hi­sto­risch-po­li­ti­sche Lesart mög­lich ist. Oehler ent­puppt sich als Jude, der nach drei­ßig­jäh­ri­gem Exil nach Wien zu­rück­ge­kehrt und seit­her selbst­mord­ge­fähr­det ist. Karrer teilt mit Oehler Kindheitstraumata aus der Nazizeit und kippt in den Wahnsinn, als es ihm nicht ge­lingt, Rustenschacher und sei­nen Neffen zu ver­an­las­sen, die Existenz von « schüt­te­ren Stellen » in den zum Verkauf aus­lie­gen­den Hosen zu­zu­ge­ben. Wie eine neu­er­li­che Lektüre unter hi­sto­ri­schem Vorzeichen er­gibt, ste­hen diese schüt­te­ren Stellen für die ver­drängte Schuld Österreichs an den Naziverbrechen. Karrer, der das Gesetz des Verschweigens durch­bricht, be­zahlt seine « Wahrheitsliebe» mit dem Verrücktwerden

Gehirntiere und Schreckensmänner Intellektuelle Überlegenheit und Aggressivität im Frühwerk Arno Schmidts

Dans la première partie de l’article, j’essaie d’esquisser le profil des narrateurs à la première personne des nouvelles et romans expérimentaux d’Arno Schmidt des années 1940 et 1950. Il s’agit d’intellectuels petit-bourgeois de gauche, solitaires, élitistes et imbus de leur supériorité qui veulent impressionner leur entourage par l’étalage de connaissances souvent ésotériques. Toutefois, ce profil plutôt repoussant est nuancé par une ironie presque omniprésente, qui vise précisément les manies, les préjugés, les idiosyncrasies et les ressentiments de ces narrateurs. Dans la seconde partie, je tente de montrer dans quelle mesure l’individualisme exacerbé et l’élitisme du narrateur, son scepticisme à l’égard de la démocratie et son refus de toute communauté ont pu peser sur son évaluation politique du régime nazi et de l’Allemagne d’Adenauer. Cependant, ici aussi, le regard ironique que Schmidt pose sur la réalité et son sens prononcé de la provocation relativisent les jugements tranchés qu’expriment les narrateurs.In einem ersten Teil wird versucht, das Profil der Ich-Erzähler in Schmidts frühen sprachexperimentellen Erzählungen und Romanen zu umreißen. Es handelt sich um einzelgängerische, geniebewusste, elitäre, eher linksorientierte kleinbürgerliche Intellektuelle, die ihre Umgebung durch Ausbreitung entlegener Kenntnisse und gnadenlose Besserwisserei zu beeindrucken suchen. Allerdings wird dieses eher abstoßende Charakterbild durch eine fast allgegenwärtige Ironie gebrochen, die sich gerade gegen die Ticks, Vorurteile, Idiosynkrasien und Ressentiments dieser Ich-Erzähler richtet. Im zweiten Teil soll gezeigt werden, inwiefern der überzogene Individualismus und Elitismus der Ich-Erzähler, ihre Demokratieskepsis und Ablehnung jeglicher Gemeinschaft ihre politische Beurteilung des Nazi-Regimes und Adenauer-Deutschlands beeinflusst, wobei auch diesbezüglich Schmidts Hang zur Ironie und sein ausgeprägter Sinn für Provokation in Betracht gezogen werden müssen.In a first part we attempt to outline the profile of the narrators in Schmidt's early experimental stories and novels. They are solitary, elitist, left-leaning middle-class intellectuals who try to impress their fellow citizens by displaying vast and often esoteric knowledge. However, this rather repulsive portrait is softened by an almost ever-present irony, which is aimed precisely at the tics, prejudices, resentments and idiosyncrasies of the narrators. In the second part we try to show how the narrator’s exacerbated individualism and elitism, his scepticism toward democracy and rejection of any community influenced his political assessment of the Nazi regime and Adenauer’s Germany. In this respect too Schmidt's penchant for irony and his strong sense of provocation must be taken in consideration

Jürgen Doll, „Da war ich hin und weg“. Anmerkungen zur Rezeption des Frühwerks von Arno Schmidt in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren

In diesem Beitrag sollen am Beispiel Arno Schmidts, mit Hilfe der Rezensionen, der verschiedenen Briefwechsel des Autors und einer Sammlung von Leser-Reaktionen die Rezeptionsbedingungen progressiver Literatur in Adenauer-Deutschland illustriert werden. Dies geht von einem gegen Schmidt angestrengten Prozess wegen Gotteslästerung und Pornographie über fast unüberwindliche Publikationsschwierigkeiten bis zu häufig negativen bis hasserfüllten Besprechungen in der deutschen Presse. Zugleich wird versucht, die noch sehr begrenzte Rezeption ab den fünfziger Jahren nachzuzeichnen, die besonders linke studentische Zirkel betraf, die für die Kombination  von politisch-zeitgeschichtlicher Thematik und avantgardistischer Formkunst empfänglich waren. Schließlich soll, an Hand einiger Aspekte des Schmidtschen Frühwerks, der Frage nachgegangen werden, warum der häufig als Pessimist und egozentrischer Besserwisser kritisierte Autor gerade linke Leser anzuziehen vermochte.La réception de l’œuvre d’Arno Schmidt entre 1949 et 1960 que nous essayons de retracer à l’aide des comptes rendus, de la correspondance de l’auteur et d’un recueil d’impressions de lecteurs, nous sert ici pour illustrer les conditions de réception de littérature progressiste en Allemagne sous Adenauer. Il y sera donc question du procès ouvert contre Schmidt pour blasphème et pornographie, des difficultés de publication presque insurmontables et des critiques négatives et, souvent, haineuses dans la presse de l’époque. On tentera également de retracer la réception, certes encore très limitée, des récits et romans de Schmidt dès les années 1950 et qui concerne essentiellement des cercles d’étudiants de gauche sensibles au mélange de contenu politique et d’une forme avant-gardiste. Enfin, isolant certains aspects de son œuvre, on se posera la question pourquoi un auteur souvent qualifié de pessimiste et d’egocentrique a pu s’attirer les faveurs des lecteurs de gauche

Reakcija 133Cs(d, 3He)132Xe

The 133Cs(d, 3He)132Xe reaction was measured at the Munich Q3D magnetic spectrograph with high resolution. The spectra were obtained at beam energies of Ed = 27 MeV and Ed = 28 MeV. The corresponding angles of the spectrograph were 30◦ and 50◦ , respectively. The achieved FWHM was between 7 keV and 10 keV and the energies of the levels could be determined with a precision between 0.5 keV and 1 keV.Pomoću Q3D magnetskog spektrografa istraživali smo reakciju 133Cs(d, 3He)132Xe pri visokom razlučivanju. Izmjereni su spektri za energiju upadnih deuterona od 27 i 28 MeV, na kutovima raspršenja 30◦ odnosno 50◦ . Postignuto je razlučivanje između 7 i 10 keV, a energije stanja u 132Xe su određene na točnost između 0.5 i 1 keV

Vaccine-induced antibodies linked to bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) recognize cattle major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I)

A mysterious disease affecting calves, named bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP), emerged in 2007 in several European countries. Epidemiological studies revealed a connection between BNP and vaccination with an inactivated vaccine against bovine virus diarrhea (BVD). Alloantibodies reacting with blood leukocytes of calves were detected in serum and colostrum of dams, which have given birth to calves affected by BNP. To understand the linkage between vaccination and the development of alloantibodies, we determined the antigens reacting with these alloantibodies. Immunoprecipitation of surface proteins from bovine leukocytes and kidney cells using sera from dams with a confirmed case of BNP in their gestation history reacted with two dominant protein species of 44 and 12 kDa. These proteins were not detected by sera from dams, free of BVDV and not vaccinated against BVD, and from sera of animals vaccinated with a different inactivated BVD vaccine. The 44 kDa protein was identified by mass spectrometry analysis as MHC I, the other as β-2-microglobulin. The presence of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) in the vaccine was confirmed by Western blot using a MHC I specific monoclonal antibody. A model of BNP pathogenesis is proposed

Spectroscopija 125Te (n,γ), (d,p) i (3He,α) reakcijama

Single γ-ray spectra and γγ-coincidences, following thermal neutron capture in 124Te, were measured with semiconductor detectors at the light-water reactor LWR - 15 at Řež. Intensities of g transitions in 125Te were normalized using the absolute intensity of 7.8% of the 6620 keV line in 36Cl. The high resolution (d,p) measurements were performed with 17 MeV deuterons, using the Q3D spectrograph at two scattering angles of 15° and 30°. Spectra were recorded in the range up to 3.3 MeV and calibrated using the proton peaks with l =1, and the corresponding level energies were determined in the thermal neutron capture reaction. The (3He,α) experiment was carried out with a 32 MeV He beam at the angle of 10°. The spectrum was recorded in one run by means of a large detector in a range up to approximately 4.7 MeV. The absolute intensities were determined by measuring the total beam current.Mjerili su se izravni γ- i sudesni γ-γ-spektri nakon uhvata termičkih neutrona u 124Te. Mjerenja (d,p) reakcija visokog razlučivanja na toj jezgri izvela su se s deuteronima 17 MeV na kutovima od 15° i 30° , pomoću Q3D spektrografa. Također se mjerio spektar u reakciji (3He,α) na 10° . Na osnovi tih mjerenja utvrđena su mnoga nova stanja 125Te na energijama uzbude do oko 4.5 MeV. Razlika grananja 403/443 keV iz izravnih i sudesnih γ-spektara ukazuje na jaku primjesu E2 u primarnom prijelazu od 6125 keV

Spectroscopija 125Te (n,γ), (d,p) i (3He,α) reakcijama

Single γ-ray spectra and γγ-coincidences, following thermal neutron capture in 124Te, were measured with semiconductor detectors at the light-water reactor LWR - 15 at Řež. Intensities of g transitions in 125Te were normalized using the absolute intensity of 7.8% of the 6620 keV line in 36Cl. The high resolution (d,p) measurements were performed with 17 MeV deuterons, using the Q3D spectrograph at two scattering angles of 15° and 30°. Spectra were recorded in the range up to 3.3 MeV and calibrated using the proton peaks with l =1, and the corresponding level energies were determined in the thermal neutron capture reaction. The (3He,α) experiment was carried out with a 32 MeV He beam at the angle of 10°. The spectrum was recorded in one run by means of a large detector in a range up to approximately 4.7 MeV. The absolute intensities were determined by measuring the total beam current.Mjerili su se izravni γ- i sudesni γ-γ-spektri nakon uhvata termičkih neutrona u 124Te. Mjerenja (d,p) reakcija visokog razlučivanja na toj jezgri izvela su se s deuteronima 17 MeV na kutovima od 15° i 30° , pomoću Q3D spektrografa. Također se mjerio spektar u reakciji (3He,α) na 10° . Na osnovi tih mjerenja utvrđena su mnoga nova stanja 125Te na energijama uzbude do oko 4.5 MeV. Razlika grananja 403/443 keV iz izravnih i sudesnih γ-spektara ukazuje na jaku primjesu E2 u primarnom prijelazu od 6125 keV

Transcription Factor Binding Site Polymorphism in the Motilin Gene Associated with Left-Sided Displacement of the Abomasum in German Holstein Cattle

Left-sided displacement of the abomasum (LDA) is a common disease in many dairy cattle breeds. A genome-wide screen for QTL for LDA in German Holstein (GH) cows indicated motilin (MLN) as a candidate gene on bovine chromosome 23. Genomic DNA sequence analysis of MLN revealed a total of 32 polymorphisms. All informative polymorphisms used for association analyses in a random sample of 1,136 GH cows confirmed MLN as a candidate for LDA. A single nucleotide polymorphism (FN298674:g.90T>C) located within the first non-coding exon of bovine MLN affects a NKX2-5 transcription factor binding site and showed significant associations (ORallele = 0.64; −log10Pallele = 6.8, −log10Pgenotype = 7.0) with LDA. An expression study gave evidence of a significantly decreased MLN expression in cows carrying the mutant allele (C). In individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the mutation, MLN expression was decreased by 89% relative to the wildtype. FN298674:g.90T>C may therefore play a role in bovine LDA via the motility of the abomasum. This MLN SNP appears useful to reduce the incidence of LDA in German Holstein cattle and provides a first step towards a deeper understanding of the genetics of LDA

The comorbidity and co-medication profile of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy

BackgroundProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is usually diagnosed in elderly. Currently, little is known about comorbidities and the co-medication in these patients.ObjectivesTo explore the pattern of comorbidities and co-medication in PSP patients according to the known different phenotypes and in comparison with patients without neurodegenerative disease.MethodsCross-sectional data of PSP and patients without neurodegenerative diseases (non-ND) were collected from three German multicenter observational studies (DescribePSP, ProPSP and DANCER). The prevalence of comorbidities according to WHO ICD-10 classification and the prevalence of drugs administered according to WHO ATC system were analyzed. Potential drug-drug interactions were evaluated using AiDKlinik (R).ResultsIn total, 335 PSP and 275 non-ND patients were included in this analysis. The prevalence of diseases of the circulatory and the nervous system was higher in PSP at first level of ICD-10. Dorsopathies, diabetes mellitus, other nutritional deficiencies and polyneuropathies were more frequent in PSP at second level of ICD-10. In particular, the summed prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was higher in PSP patients. More drugs were administered in the PSP group leading to a greater percentage of patients with polypharmacy. Accordingly, the prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions was higher in PSP patients, especially severe and moderate interactions.ConclusionsPSP patients possess a characteristic profile of comorbidities, particularly diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The eminent burden of comorbidities and resulting polypharmacy should be carefully considered when treating PSP patients

The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors

Majid Ezzati and colleagues examine US data on risk factor exposures and disease-specific mortality and find that smoking and hypertension, which both have effective interventions, are responsible for the largest number of deaths