Controlled Irradiative Formation of Penitentes

Spike-shaped structures are produced by light-driven ablation in very different contexts. Penitentes 1-4 m high are common on Andean glaciers, where their formation changes glacier dynamics and hydrology. Laser ablation can produce cones 10-100 microns high with a variety of proposed applications in materials science. We report the first laboratory generation of centimeter-scale snow and ice penitentes. Systematically varying conditions allows identification of the essential parameters controlling the formation of ablation structures. We demonstrate that penitente initiation and coarsening requires cold temperatures, so that ablation leads to sublimation rather than melting. Once penitentes have formed, further growth of height can occur by melting. The penitentes intially appear as small structures (3 mm high) and grow by coarsening to 1-5 cm high. Our results are an important step towards understanding and controlling ablation morphologies.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter

Fabrication, Study of Optical Properties and Structure of Most Stable (CdP2)n Nanoclusters

CdP2 nanoclusters were fabricated by incorporation into pores of zeolite Na-X and by laser ablation. Absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of CdP2 nanoclusters in zeolite were measured at the temperatures of 4.2, 77 and 293 K. Both absorption and PL spectra consist of two bands blue shifted with respect to bulk crystal. We performed the calculations aimed to find the most stable clusters in the size region up to size of the zeolite Na-X supercage. The most stable clusters are (CdP2)6 and (CdP2)8 with binding energies of 9.30 eV and 10.10 eV per (CdP2)1 formula unit respectively. Therefore, we attributed two bands observed in absorption and PL spectra to these stable clusters. The Raman spectrum of CdP2 clusters in zeolite was explained to be originated from (CdP2)6 and (CdP2)8 clusters as well. The PL spectrum of CdP2 clusters produced by laser ablation consists of the asymmetric band with low-energy tail that has been attributed to emission of both (CdP2)8 cluster and CdP2 microcrystals.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructure

Optical Properties and Structure of Most Stable Subnanometer (ZnAs2)n Clusters

ZnAs2 nanoclusters were fabricated by incorporation into pores of zeolite Na-X and by laser ablation. Absorption and photoluminescence spectra of ZnAs2 nanoclusters in zeolite were measured at the temperatures of 4.2, 77 and 293 K. Both absorption and PL spectra consist of two bands which demonstrate the blue shift from the line of free exciton in bulk crystal. We performed the calculations aimed to find the most stable clusters in the size region up to size of the zeolite Na-X supercage. The most stable clusters are (ZnAs2)6 and (ZnAs2)8 with binding energies of 7.181 eV and 8.012 eV per (ZnAs2)1 formula unit respectively. Therefore, we attributed two bands observed in absorption and PL spectra to these stable clusters. The measured Raman spectrum of ZnAs2 clusters in zeolite was explained to be originated from (ZnAs2)6 and (ZnAs2)8 clusters as well. The PL spectrum of ZnAs2 clusters produced by laser ablation consists of a single band which has been attributed to emission of (ZnAs2)8 cluster.Comment: Article accepted for publication in Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matte

Cr2O3 thin films grown at room temperature by low pressure laser chemical vapour deposition

Chromia (Cr2O3) has been extensively explored for the purpose of developing widespread industrial applications, owing to the convergence of a variety of mechanical, physical and chemical properties in one single oxide material. Various methods have been used for large area synthesis of Cr2O3 films. However, for selective area growth and growth on thermally sensitive materials, laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition (LCVD) can be applied advantageously. Here we report on the growth of single layers of pure Cr2O3 onto sapphire substrates at room temperature by low pressure photolytic LCVD, using UV laser radiation and Cr(CO)6 as chromium precursor. The feasibility of the LCVD technique to access selective area deposition of chromia thin films is demonstrated. Best results were obtained for a laser fluence of 120 mJ cm-2 and a partial pressure ratio of O2 to Cr(CO)6 of 1.0. Samples grown with these experimental parameters are polycrystalline and their microstructure is characterised by a high density of particles whose size follows a lognormal distribution. Deposition rates of 0.1 nm s-1 and mean particle sizes of 1.85 {\mu}m were measured for these films.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Thin Solid Film