Vergleich unterschiedlicher Definitionen und Determinanten des Belastungshochdrucks anhand einer Stichprobe der populations-basierten Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)

Die arterielle Hypertonie (aHT) stellt einen wichtigen kardio- und zerebrovaskulären Risikofaktor dar. Durch eine nicht diagnostizierte, unbehandelte aHT kommt es zu einer Reihe von Endorganschäden und damit verbunden zu einem Anstieg der Morbidität und Mortalität. In früher durchgeführten Studien ergab sich der Anhalt dafür, dass eine überschießende Blutdruckregulation während eines Belastungstests als Prädiktor für eine sich in Zukunft entwickelnde aHT darstellen könnte. Jedoch existiert für den Belastungshypertonus aktuell weder eine einheitliche Definition noch ein standardisiertes Untersuchungsprotokoll. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden erstmalig zwölf unterschiedliche, in der Literatur häufig verwendete, Definitionen für einen Belastungshypertonus auf eine 662 Probanden (388 Frauen, 274 Männer) umfassende Stichprobe einer bevölkerungs-basierten Kohorte angewendet, der Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Es wurden die Prävalenzen sowie assoziierte Risikofaktoren und subklinische kardiovaskuläre Risikomarker der unterschiedlichen Definitionen miteinander verglichen. Zusätzlich konnten mögliche Determinanten eines Belastungshypertonus identifiziert werden. Durch diese Arbeit konnte ein Beitrag zum weiteren Verständnis der Belastungshypertonie erbracht werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die mit einem Belastungshochdruck assoziierten Risikofaktorenprofile und subklinische kardiovaskuläre Risikomarker abhängig von der angewandten Definition stark voneinander unterschieden. Bei der in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Kohorte wiesen insbesondere das Alter, der BMI und eine vergrößerte IMT signifikante Unterschiede bei den Definitionen auf, die sich auf die Entwicklung des systolischen Blutdrucks bezogen. Die nachgewiesene, vom Geschlecht abhängige, ungleiche Blutdruckentwicklung unter Belastung, insbesondere unter einer submaximalen, unterstützt die These der Wichtigkeit von geschlechtsspezifischen Referenzwerten und Belastungsstufen. Damit der Belastungshypertonus einen möglichen Einzug in den praktischen Klinikalltag halten kann, sollte weiter an einer Standardisierung eines Untersuchungsprotokolls und an geschlechtsspezifischen und nach dem Alter abgestuften Referenzwerten gearbeitet werden.Arterial hypertension is an important cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factor. An undiagnosed, untreated arterial hypertension causes a series of end organ damages and is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. Previous studies suggested that an exceeded exercise blood pressure regulation (exercise hypertension) during a stress test could be a predictor of a developing arterial hypertension in the future. However, there is currently no standard definition or standardized protocol for exercise hypertension. For the first time, twelve different commonly used definitions of exercise hypertension were applied to a sample of 662 subjects (388 women, 274 men). These were selected out of a population-based cohort, the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). The prevalences, associated risk factors and subclinical cardiovascular risk markers of the different definitions were compared. In addition, possible determinants of an exercise hypertension could be identified. Through this doctoral thesis, a contribution to the further understanding of exercise hypertension could be provided. It could be shown that the risk factor profiles and subclinical cardiovascular risk markers differed strongly depending on the applied definition of an exercise hypertension. In the examined cohort, in particular, age, BMI and IMT revealed significant differences in definitions those investigated a change of systolic blood pressure under stress testing. The proven gender-dependent, unequal blood pressure development under exercise, especially below submaximal stress, supports the thesis of the importance of gender-specific reference levels and stress levels. In order for the exercise hypertension to become a possible entry into the daily clinical routine, further work should be carried out to standardize a protocol of examination and gender-specific and age-graded reference values

PKCα Deficiency in Mice Is Associated with Pulmonary Vascular Hyperresponsiveness to Thromboxane A2 and Increased Thromboxane Receptor Expression

Pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness is a main characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In PAH patients, elevated levels of the vasoconstrictors thromboxane A2 (TXA2), endothelin (ET)-1 and serotonin further contribute to pulmonary hypertension. Protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme alpha (PKCα) is a known modulator of smooth muscle cell contraction. However, the effects of PKCα deficiency on pulmonary vasoconstriction have not yet been investigated. Thus, the role of PKCα in pulmonary vascular responsiveness to the TXA2 analog U46619, ET-1, serotonin and acute hypoxia was investigated in isolated lungs of PKCα-/- mice and corresponding wild-type mice, with or without prior administration of the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I or Gö6976. mRNA was quantified from microdissected intrapulmonary arteries. We found that broad-spectrum PKC inhibition reduced pulmonary vascular responsiveness to ET-1 and acute hypoxia and, by trend, to U46619. Analogously, selective inhibition of conventional PKC isozymes or PKCα deficiency reduced ET-1-evoked pulmonary vasoconstriction. The pulmonary vasopressor response to serotonin was unaffected by either broad PKC inhibition or PKCα deficiency. Surprisingly, PKCα-/- mice showed pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness to U46619 and increased TXA2 receptor (TP receptor) expression in the intrapulmonary arteries. To conclude, PKCα regulates ET-1-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. However, PKCα deficiency leads to pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness to TXA2, possibly via increased pulmonary arterial TP receptor expression

CD169/SIGLEC1 is expressed on circulating monocytes in COVID-19 and expression levels are associated with disease severity

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Type I interferons are important in the defense of viral infections. Recently, neutralizing IgG auto-antibodies against type I interferons were found in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Here, we analyzed expression of CD169/SIGLEC1, a well described downstream molecule in interferon signaling, and found increased monocytic CD169/SIGLEC1 expression levels in patients with mild, acute COVID-19, compared to patients with severe disease. We recommend further clinical studies to evaluate the value of CD169/SIGLEC1 expression in patients with COVID-19 with or without auto-antibodies against type I interferons

A time-resolved proteomic and prognostic map of COVID-19

COVID-19 is highly variable in its clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe organ damage and death. We characterized the time-dependent progression of the disease in 139 COVID-19 inpatients by measuring 86 accredited diagnostic parameters, such as blood cell counts and enzyme activities, as well as untargeted plasma proteomes at 687 sampling points. We report an initial spike in a systemic inflammatory response, which is gradually alleviated and followed by a protein signature indicative of tissue repair, metabolic reconstitution, and immunomodulation. We identify prognostic marker signatures for devising risk-adapted treatment strategies and use machine learning to classify therapeutic needs. We show that the machine learning models based on the proteome are transferable to an independent cohort. Our study presents a map linking routinely used clinical diagnostic parameters to plasma proteomes and their dynamics in an infectious disease

Clinical and virological characteristics of hospitalised COVID-19 patients in a German tertiary care centre during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a prospective observational study

Purpose: Adequate patient allocation is pivotal for optimal resource management in strained healthcare systems, and requires detailed knowledge of clinical and virological disease trajectories. The purpose of this work was to identify risk factors associated with need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), to analyse viral kinetics in patients with and without IMV and to provide a comprehensive description of clinical course. Methods: A cohort of 168 hospitalised adult COVID-19 patients enrolled in a prospective observational study at a large European tertiary care centre was analysed. Results: Forty-four per cent (71/161) of patients required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Shorter duration of symptoms before admission (aOR 1.22 per day less, 95% CI 1.10-1.37, p < 0.01) and history of hypertension (aOR 5.55, 95% CI 2.00-16.82, p < 0.01) were associated with need for IMV. Patients on IMV had higher maximal concentrations, slower decline rates, and longer shedding of SARS-CoV-2 than non-IMV patients (33 days, IQR 26-46.75, vs 18 days, IQR 16-46.75, respectively, p < 0.01). Median duration of hospitalisation was 9 days (IQR 6-15.5) for non-IMV and 49.5 days (IQR 36.8-82.5) for IMV patients. Conclusions: Our results indicate a short duration of symptoms before admission as a risk factor for severe disease that merits further investigation and different viral load kinetics in severely affected patients. Median duration of hospitalisation of IMV patients was longer than described for acute respiratory distress syndrome unrelated to COVID-19

Effect of an interactive cardiopulmonary resuscitation assist device with an automated external defibrillator synchronised with a ventilator on the CPR performance of emergency medical service staff: a randomised simulation study

Abstract Background The present study evaluates whether the quality of advanced cardiac life support (ALS) is improved with an interactive prototype assist device. This device consists of an automated external defibrillator linked to a ventilator and provides synchronised visual and acoustic instructions for guidance through the ALS algorithm and assistance for face-mask ventilations. Methods We compared the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality of emergency medical system (EMS) staff members using the study device or standard equipment in a mannequin simulation study with a prospective, controlled, randomised cross-over study design. Main outcome was the effect of the study device compared to the standard equipment and the effect of the number of prior ALS trainings of the EMS staff on the CPR quality. Data were analysed using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and binary logistic regression, accounting for the study design. Results In 106 simulations of 56 two-person rescuer teams, the mean hands-off time was 24.5% with study equipment and 23.5% with standard equipment (Difference 1.0% (95% CI: −0.4 to 2.5%); p = 0.156). With both types of equipment, the hands-off time decreased with an increasing cumulative number of previous CPR trainings (p = 0.042). The study equipment reduced the mean time until administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) by 23 s (p = 0.003) and that of amiodarone by 17 s (p = 0.016). It also increased the mean number of changes in the person doing chest compressions (0.6 per simulation; p < 0.001) and decreased the mean number of chest compressions (2.8 per minute; p = 0.022) and the mean number of ventilations (1.8 per minute; p < 0.001). The chance of administering amiodarone at the appropriate time was higher, with an odds ratio of 4.15, with the use of the study equipment CPR.com compared to the standard equipment (p = 0.004). With an increasing number of prior CPR trainings, the time intervals in the ALS algorithm until the defibrillations decreased with standard equipment but increased with the study device. Conclusions EMS staff with limited training in CPR profit from guidance through the ALS algorithm by the study device. However, the study device somehow reduced the ALS quality of well-trained rescuers and thus can only be recommended for ALS provider with limited experience

Is Prehospital Assessment of qSOFA Parameters Associated with Earlier Targeted Sepsis Therapy? A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: This study aimed to determine whether prehospital qSOFA (quick sequential organ failure assessment) assessment was associated with a shortened &lsquo;time to antibiotics&rsquo; and &lsquo;time to intravenous fluid resuscitation&rsquo; compared with standard assessment. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who were referred to our Emergency Department between 2014 and 2018 by emergency medical services, in whom sepsis was diagnosed during hospitalization. Two multivariable regression models were fitted, with and without qSOFA parameters, for &lsquo;time to antibiotics&rsquo; (primary endpoint) and &lsquo;time to intravenous fluid resuscitation&rsquo;. Results: In total, 702 patients were included. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that antibiotics and intravenous fluids were initiated earlier if infections were suspected and emergency medical services involved emergency physicians. A heart rate above 90/min was associated with a shortened time to antibiotics. If qSOFA parameters were added to the models, a respiratory rate &ge; 22/min and altered mentation were independent predictors for earlier antibiotics. A systolic blood pressure &le; 100 mmHg and altered mentation were independent predictors for earlier fluids. When qSOFA parameters were added, the explained variability of the model increased by 24% and 38%, respectively (adjusted R&sup2; 0.106 versus 0.131 for antibiotics and 0.117 versus 0.162 for fluids). Conclusion: Prehospital assessment of qSOFA parameters was associated with a shortened time to a targeted sepsis therapy

CD169/SIGLEC1 is expressed on circulating monocytes in COVID-19 and expression levels are associated with disease severity

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Type I interferons are important in the defense of viral infections. Recently, neutralizing IgG auto-antibodies against type I interferons were found in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Here, we analyzed expression of CD169/SIGLEC1, a well described downstream molecule in interferon signaling, and found increased monocytic CD169/SIGLEC1 expression levels in patients with mild, acute COVID-19, compared to patients with severe disease. We recommend further clinical studies to evaluate the value of CD169/SIGLEC1 expression in patients with COVID-19 with or without auto-antibodies against type I interferons