Минимизация погрешности экспериментального определения переходных характеристик линейных аналоговых устройств с сосредоточенными параметрами

Розроблений та досліджений метод мінімізації похибки вимірювання перехідних характеристик лінійних аналогових пристроїв із зосередженими параметрами, обумовленої неідеальністю за формою реально сформованих ступінчастих випробувальних сигналів у наносекундному діапазоні тривалості. Мінімізація здійснюється шляхом корекції випробувальних сигналів за формою або врахуванні при вимірюваннях моделі неідеальності реально сформованих сигналів по системі “точкових” параметрів, які є зручними для безпосереднього експериментального визначення та введення по ним корекції.The determining error of finding transitional characteristics by the response of the direct method in the nanosecond range (for testing signals with edges 1-10 ns) is the error which is caused by the imperfection of real testing signal (TS) form. Imperfection is defined as the deviation of the real stepped TS from the ideal signal (a unit function). The method of the minimization of error of experimental determination of transitional characteristics, which is caused by the imperfection of real stepped TS form, is suggested and analyzed. Subject to this proviso, the estimate of the TS’ imperfection is proposed as the realization by the experimental determinated "point" parameters. For example such parameters may be the coordinates of the point of the spike maximum at the TS top, the settling time of the transitional process at the TS top with a specified error. The main points of the methods. With a prior information about that, the minimization of measuring error of nominal model' transitional characteristics is realized by the identification of the relation between real TS’ "point" parameters during forming of TS. Subject to this proviso, the spike at the TS’ top compensates the playback error of transitional characteristic (as the response) through the finite acceleration time. The method is considered as an example of imperfection stepped TS typical forms in the nanosecond range, which have a finite acceleration time, the spike and the oscillations at the top. The estimates of the effectiveness of minimizing the error compared to the error in determining the transitional characteristic, when the TS front is growing exponentially without the spike at the top, are obtained. The error can be minimized by experimental estimate of values real TS’ "point" parameters and introducing the correction to the calculation parameters result of the analytical model of the transitional characteristic. The method allows to measure the transitional characteristics based on their direct estimate by the response using real generated TS, which can be skewed in the nanosecond range, and to simplify the control.Разработан и исследован метод минимизации погрешности определения переходных характеристик линейных аналоговых устройств с сосредоточенными параметрами, обусловленной неидеальностью по форме реально сформированных ступенчатых испытательных сигналов в наносекундному диапазоне длительностей. Минимизация осуществляется путем коррекции испытательных сигналов по форме по системе “точечных” параметров, которые удобны для непосредственного экспериментального определения и введения по ним коррекции

E-Government in Russia : Plans, Reality, and Future Outlook

Peer reviewe

Blogging the Virtual: New Geographies of Domination and Resistance In and Beyond Russia

Russia’s accelerating authoritarian turn has not ignored the internet, and in recent years, the Russian state has clamped down on internet activities that diverge from the statist line, employing a variety of strategies to dominate online spaces. Nevertheless, oppositional voices flourish on the Russian internet, taking shape in independent blogs and videos. This paper explores three political bloggers through surveillant and resistance assemblages, making sense of this contestation through an interpretation of the Deleuzian virtual that underscores the emancipatory potential of online activities for producing more egalitarian configurations, but also taking stock of the ways that these technologies have increased domination. Encompassing the blurriness between digital and corporeal spaces, the paper contributes by revealing new geographies of contestation against state strategies to dominate the Russian internet. Overlapping with but not corresponding to Russian territorial boundaries, these dynamics highlight shifting spaces of power and resistance in the increasingly illiberal world

Metrological Traceability of Impedance Parameter Measurements in Ukraine

The equivalence rates of the national standard of a unit of electrical capacitance for denominations of 10 pF and 100 pF at frequencies of 1 kHz and 1.592 kHz and expanded uncertainties obtained from the results of International comparisons of national measurement standards for electrical capacitance units were established and their comparative analysis was carried out. The equivalence of the national standard of the inductance unit for the nominal values of 10 mH and 100 mH at a frequency of 1 kHz and the expanded uncertainties obtained from the results of International additional comparisons of the national measurement standards of inductance units were established and their comparative analysis was carried out. The comparisons were conducted by Regional Metrology Organizations with the participation of the National Metrology Institute of Ukraine.The analysis of the data processing methods applied in the comparison reports was carried out with the aim of adequately evaluating the results obtained by each of the comparison participants. The results of the National Metrology Institute of Ukraine became the basis for establishing the metrological traceability of measurements of impedance parameters in the country and the recognition of the results of these measurements in other countries.Values of the expanded uncertainty of the measurements of the electrical capacitance in the range of values from 10 pF to 10 nF for high­precision calibration of the measures of electrical capacitance were calculated. Values of the expanded uncertainty of inductance measurements in the range from 1 µH to 10 H with high­precision calibration of inductance measures were calculated.The best values of the expanded uncertainty of measurements of impedance parameters (electrical capacitance and inductance) in a wide range of values in Ukraine were established. The comparative analysis showed that the published data on the calibration and measurement capabilities of the national metrology institutes of Ukraine for measuring the electrical capacitance and inductance can be significantly improved in wide ranges of values