246 research outputs found

    Un procedimiento simple para evaluar el comportamiento de aceites y grasas a temperaturas de fritura

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    5 pages, 5 tables.[EN] A standard procedure is proposed to evaluate the performance of fats and oils at frying temperatures, taking the advantages provided by the Rancimat apparatus, i. e., standard vessels, temperature correction and temperature homogenity in all vessels resulting from the particular characteristics of the heating block. The results obtained in oil samples of 8 g heated at 180° C for 10 h in triplicate gave coefficients of variation lower than 6% for total polar compounds and polymers. In case of limited amount of oil, it is additionally proposed to use only 2 g of sample provided that a similar surface-to-oil volume ratio is maintained, and coefficients of variation of the same order than those for 8 g samples were thus obtained. Advantages of the procedure as well as potential applications for evaluation of frying fats and oils are Included. As an example, the effect of a-tocopherol on performance of sunflower oils was analyzed.[ES] Se propone un procedimiento estándar para evaluar el comportamiento de aceites y grasas a temperaturas de fritura. En este procedimiento se utilizan las ventajas del aparato Rancimat, que permite el uso de tubos estándar, la corrección de la temperatura, en su caso, y la igualdad de temperatura en todos los tubos dadas las características del bloque de calentamiento. De los resultados obtenidos en muestras de 8 g de aceite calentadas a 180° C durante 10 h, analizadas por triplicado, se obtuvieron coeficientes de variación inferiores al 6% para la determinación de compuestos polares y polímeros. En caso de limitación en la cantidad de aceite, se propone utilizar 2 g de muestra, manteniendo similares valores para la relación superficie a volumen de aceite, lo que permite obtener valores de alteración y coeficientes de variación del mismo orden. Se analizan finalmente las ventajas globales del procedimiento y sus distintas posibilidades en la evaluación de grasas de fritura. Como ejemplo, se aplica el procedimiento a la evaluación del efecto de los antioxidantes naturales de los aceites de girasol.This study was funded by CICYT (Project ALI-95- 0736). Daniel Barrera Arellano was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship (95/9304-2) from Fundaçao de Apoío à Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP).Peer reviewe

    Método rápido para la determinación de compuestos polares en aceites y grasas de fritura

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    The determination of polar compounds by adsorption chromatography is the most accepted method for the analysis of used frying fats due to its high precision and accuracy. However, this method is expensive and time consuming. In this study, a rapid analytical method to determine polar compounds is proposed. Starting from milligrams of sample dissolved in a solution of hexane containing methyl oleate as internal standard, the nonpolar fraction, which comprises the non-altered triglycerides (TG) and the internal standard, is obtained by solid phase extraction. Then, the non polar fraction is quantitatively analyzed in 15 min by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and the polar fraction is determined by difference of weight. Response factors for pure TG and FAME were calculated. Six samples of sunflower oils of different degrees of unsaturation were analyzed in triplicate and the results were compared with those obtained by the gravimetric method based on silica classical column chromatography. Results showed no significant differences between the two methods. In addition, the repeatability of the proposed method was excellent, as the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.5 to 13% depending on the contents of polar compounds.La determinación de compuestos polares mediante cromatografía de adsorción es el método más aceptado en el análisis de aceites y grasas de fritura debido a su elevada exactitud y precisión. Sin embargo, la determinación es costosa, debido al elevado consumo de sílice y disolventes, y son necesarias varias horas para la obtención del resultado. En este estudio se propone una determinación alternativa rápida. Partiendo de miligramos de muestra disueltos en una solución de hexano con oleato de metilo como patrón interno, la fracción no polar, que contiene los triglicéridos no alterados y el patrón interno, es aislada mediante extracción en fase sólida. Posteriormente, la fracción no polar se analiza cuantitativamente en 15 min mediante cromatografía líquida de exclusión y la cantidad de fracción polar se determina por diferencia de peso. Se han calculado los factores de respuesta de triglicéridos y ésteres metílicos. El método se ha aplicado a seis muestras de aceites de girasol de distinto grado de insaturación evaluadas por triplicado y los resultados se han comparado con los obtenidos mediante la determinación gravimétrica basada en cromatografía en columna clásica de sílice. No se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos de resultados. Por otra parte, la repetibilidad fue excelente ya que los coeficientes de variación oscilaron entre 1.5 y 13% dependiendo del contenido en compuestos polares de los aceites.This research work was supported by Junta de Andalucía and Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Project AGL 2004-00148).Peer reviewe

    Aceite de orujo de oliva comestible concentrado en ácidos triterpénicos, procedimiento de refinación física utilizado para su obtención y recuperación de los componentes funcionales presentes en el aceite crudo

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    Aceite de orujo de oliva comestible concentrado en ácidos triterpénicos, procedimiento de refinación física utilizado para su obtención y recuperación de los componentes funcionales presentes en el aceite crudo. Procedimiento de refinación de aceite de orujo crudo de oliva obtenido mediante centrifugación o decantación del orujo que comprende la etapa de filtración del aceite de orujo crudo de oliva de partida que se lleva a cabo a través de filtros con una luz comprendida entre el intervalo de 0,1 a 20 micras y a temperatura inferior a 70ºC, preferentemente entre 35-45ºC.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Oleicola El Tejar SCAB1 Patente con informe sobre el estado de la ténic

    Análisis de aceites y grasas de fritura para producción de biodiesel

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    6 pages, 2 tables, 3 figures.[EN] Used frying fats and oils with highly variable and uncontrolled quality are used for the production of biodiesel. The objective of this study was to define the analytical methods useful to obtaining information on the quality of the used frying oils as raw material for biodiesels as well as for the characterization of the biodiesels obtained from them. Twentyfour used frying oils from restaurants and domestic fryers were analyzed before and after transesterification to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). From a detailed analysis of the samples by means of a combination of adsorption and size exclusion chromatography, the quantitative importance of polymeric compounds was deduced both from the direct analysis of the oils and from their FAME. Excellent linear correlation between polar compounds and polar FAME (R 0.9768) was found. The possibilities of interferences from polar fatty acid in the standard method to determine the ester content are defined. Finally, determination of non-polar FAME by silica column is proposed as a good alternative to the gas chromatography method.[ES] Los aceites y grasas de fritura, que se caracterizan por tener una calidad muy variable, se utilizan como material prima para la producción de biodiesel. El objetivo de este estudio es definir la utilidad de los métodos analíticos desarrollados para los aceites y grasas de fritura para caracterizar el biodiesel obtenido. Veinticuatro aceites de fritura procedentes del sector de restauración y de fritura doméstica fueron analizados antes y después de su transesterificación a ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos. A partir de un análisis detallado mediante cromatografías de adsorción y exclusión, se deduce la importancia cuantitativa de los compuestos de polimerización tanto en el análisis directo de los aceites como en el análisis de los ésteres metílicos. Se encontró una excelente correlación lineal entre los compuestos polares y los ésteres metílicos polares (R=0.9768). Se definen las interferencias de los compuestos formados durante la fritura en el análisis estándar para conocer la calidad del biodiesel y se propone la determinación de ésteres metílicos no polares como una buena alternativa a la determinación cromatográfica estándar.This research work was supported by Junta de Andalucía and MCYT (Project AGL 2004-00148).Peer reviewe

    Variables que intervienen en la oxidación lipídica de aceites microencapsulados

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    Dried microencapsulated oils are powdery foods or ingredients, prepared by drying natural or formulated emulsions, wherein the oil globules are dispersed in a matrix of saccharides and/or proteins. The study of lipid oxidation in microencapsulated oils is a very difficult task since, in addition to the numerous variables normally involved in lipid oxidation, mainly unsaturation degree, oxygen, light, temperature, prooxidants and antioxidants, other factors exert an important influence in these heterophasic lipid systems. In this paper, the present state of the art on lipid oxidation in dried microencapsulated oils is reviewed, focused on the variables specifically involved in oxidation of these lipid systems. Such variables include those pertaining to the preparation process (type and concentration of the matrix components and drying procedure) and those related to the physicochemical properties of microencapsulated oils (particle size, oil globule size, lipid distribution, water activity, pH and interactions between matrix components).Los aceites microencapsulados son alimentos o ingredientes en polvo preparados mediante secado de emulsiones naturales o formuladas, donde los glóbulos de aceite se encuentran dispersos en una matriz de hidratos de carbono y/o proteínas. El estudio de la oxidación lipídica en aceites microencapsulados es muy difícil ya que, además de las numerosas variables implicadas normalmente en la oxidación lipídica, principalmente el grado de insaturación, oxígeno, luz, temperatura, prooxidantes y antioxidantes, en estos sistemas lipídicos heterofásicos existen otros factores que ejercen una importante influencia. En este trabajo, se revisa la situación actual del conocimiento sobre oxidación lipídica en aceites microencapsulados en relación con las variables que intervienen específicamente en la oxidación de estos sistemas lipídicos. Concretamente, dichas variables incluyen las implicadas en el proceso de preparación (tipo y concentración de los componentes de la matriz y procedimiento de secado) y las relacionadas con las propiedades físico-químicas de los aceites microencapsulados (tamaño de partícula, tamaño de glóbulo de aceite, distribución lipídica, actividad del agua, pH e interacciones entre los componentes de la matriz)

    Variables de difícil control en los estudios de fritura: Diferencias en repetitividad entre experimentos de termoxidación y de fritura

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    Palm oil, soybean oil and partially hydrogenated soybean oil were used to define the repeatability of oil degradation under thermoxidation in the absence of food and during the frying of potatoes. Total polar compounds and their constituent polymeric triglycerides, oxidized monomeric triglycerides and diglycerides were analyzed. The oils were thermoxidized under standard conditions in a Rancimat apparatus at 180 °C for 25 hours. Discontinuous frying experiments were carried out in triplicate in three apparently identical domestic fryers. Five batches of potatoes were fried per day in each fryer. Oils were heated at 180 °C in periods of 5 h per day during 5 consecutive days so that the total heating period was 25 h. Repeatability was high in the thermoxidation assays and rather low in the frying experiments. Significant differences between the oils were found in the thermoxidation experiments, while no significant differences were found in the frying assays due to large standard deviations. The participation of variables related to the fryer performance which are difficult to control, was deduced. Among them, differences in the heating/cooling cycles at high temperature might be important. The contribution of fryer performance to the decreased repeatability was confirmed in further frying experiments with palm oil. Results showed that repeatability for the same fryer was higher than that obtained when different fryers were considered.Se estudia la repetibilidad de los resultados obtenidos en el calentamiento de los aceites y grasas a temperatura elevada utilizando aceite de palma, aceite de soja y aceite de soja parcialmente hidrogenado. Partiendo de la repetibilidad de las determinaciones analíticas utilizadas para la evaluación de la degradación de los aceites y grasas a elevada temperatura, el análisis de compuestos polares y de su distribución en polímeros de triglicéridos, triglicéridos monómeros oxidados y diglicéridos, se analizan las desviaciones obtenidas durante el tratamiento termoxidativo en condiciones estándar (Rancimat a 180 °C durante 25 horas) y durante la fritura de patatas en freidoras domésticas en condiciones bien controladas. Los resultados indican la existencia de diferencias significativas en el comportamiento de los aceites en el tratamiento termoxidativo en ausencia de alimentos aunque no fue posible encontrar diferencias significativas en la fritura discontinua cuando se realizan los triplicados en distintas freidoras, debido a las elevadas desviaciones obtenidas entre ensayos. En un posterior ensayo con aceite de palma utilizando la misma freidora para los tres ensayos de frituras se obtuvieron menores desviaciones. Los resultados indican la existencia de variables de difícil control entre las que se apuntan diferencias de temperatura media debido a las diferencias en los ciclos de calentamiento/enfriamiento a temperatura elevada

    Effect of temperature on the oxidation of soybean biodiesel

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    This paper proposes to examine the effect of temperature on the oxidation behavior of biodiesel. Soybean biodiesel was oxidized at different temperatures (room temperature, 60, and 110 °C), and the increase in primary and secondary oxidation products was determined based on the peroxide and anisidine values, respectively, during the induction period (IP). The results indicated that the evolution of hydroperoxides followed zero-order reaction kinetics during the IP at all temperatures, and their rate of formation was exponentially affected by temperature. It was also deduced that temperature influenced the ratio between primary and secondary oxidation products formation, which decreased as the temperature increased. Additionally, it was possible to predict the oxidation behavior of the soybean biodiesel at room temperature by an exponential model fitted to the IP values at different temperatures (70, 80, 90, 100, and 110 °C) using the Rancimat apparatus.The authors are grateful to the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for their financial support and to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level or Education Personnel (CAPES) for a scholarship (Process n° BEX 6667/12-0).Peer Reviewe

    Hypertension is related to the degradation of dietary frying oils

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    [Background]: The family kitchen resembles an uncontrolled laboratory experiment, and some discrepancies in the relation between the risk of hypertension and dietary fat may be partly due to the manipulation to which the fats were subjected. [Objective]: We investigated whether deterioration in the quality of the cooking oils in the family household contributes to the risk of high blood pressure. [Design]: The study was cross-sectional. Anthropometric measurements were obtained for 1226 persons aged 18–65 y who were selected randomly from the municipal census of Pizarra, Spain. An oral-glucose-tolerance test was given to 1020 of these persons. Samples of the cooking oil being used were taken from the kitchens of a random subset of 538 persons. The concentrations of polar compounds and polymers were used as markers of the deterioration of the oils. The strength of association between variables was measured by calculating the odds ratio from logistic models. [Results]: Hypertension was strongly associated with obesity and was influenced by sex, diabetes, and age. The presence of excess polar compounds in the cooking oil and the use of sunflower oil were related to the risk of hypertension, whereas the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids in the serum phospholipids was negatively related to this risk. These associations remained after inclusion in the models of age, sex, obesity, and the presence of carbohydrate metabolism disorder. [Conclusions]: The risk of hypertension is positively and independently associated with the intake of cooking oil polar compounds and inversely related to blood concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids
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