Cerebrospinal fluid neurophysiology – what have we learned after 100 years of research?

Cerebrospinalni likvor je bistra tekućina koja svojim sastavom nalikuje krvnoj plazmi; oplahuje cijeli središnji živčani sustav, osigurava njegovu normalnu funkciju i sudjeluje u mehaničkoj zaštiti mekih struktura središnjeg živčanog sustava. Osim toga, likvor djeluje kao „čistač“ središnjeg živčanog sustava jer uklanja nusproizvode sinaptičkog metabolizma, ali i štetne tvari. Premda su funkcije likvora brojne, mnoga pitanja o njegovom nastanku, kruženju i nestanku ostaju neodgovorena. Klasična hipoteza o fiziologiji likvora, poznata i kao „Weed–Dandy–Cushing hipoteza“, nastala je pred nešto više od 100 godina i ostaje duboko ukorijenjena u literaturi. Ovaj klasični koncept opisuje stvaranje likvora u koroidnim spletovima moždanih komora i resorpciju u arahnoidnim resicama, dok kruženje likvora opisuje kao jednosmjerno i naziva ga „trećom cirkulacijom“. Međutim, unatrag 30-ak godina, sve se više istraživača protivi klasičnoj teoriji o stvaranju i kruženju likvora i predlažu novu, potpuno drugačiju teoriju fiziologije likvora. Ovaj moderni koncept, u literaturi poznat i kao „Bulat ‒ Orešković ‒ Klarica hipoteza“, sugerira da se likvor stvara i apsorbira u svim dijelovima središnjeg živčanog sustava i giba se pod utjecajem pulzacije krvnih žila, a opisuje stvaranje i apsorpciju likvora kao kontinuirani proces izmjene vode, pri čemu ključnu ulogu imaju hidrostatski i osmotski tlakovi. Premda su potrebna dodatna istraživanja u svrhu utvrđivanja točnosti oba koncepta, vrijeme je da preispitamo klasično učenje da bismo mogli unaprijediti liječenje patoloških stanja u likvorskom sustavu.Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid with a composition similar to blood plasma. It surrounds the entire central nervous system, ensuring its normal function and providing mechanical protection to soft structures. Additionally, the fluid acts as a “waste sink” of the central nervous system by removing byproducts of synaptic metabolism and harmful substances. Although the functions of cerebrospinal fluid are numerous, many questions regarding its production, circulation, and absorption remain unanswered. The classical hypothesis of cerebrospinal fluid physiology, known as the “Weed-Dandy-Cushing hypothesis,”originated over 100 years ago. This hypothesis remains deeply rooted in the available literature, despite the failure of many techniques (based on this concept) in treating abnormalities of the cerebrospinal fluid system. This classical concept describes the production of cerebrospinal fluid in the choroid plexuses of the brain’s ventricles and its absorption in the arachnoid villi, while describing its circulation as unidirectional and labelling it as the “third circulation.” However, over the past 30 years, an increasing number of researchers have opposed the classical theory of cerebrospinal fluid production and circulation, proposing a completely different theory of cerebrospinal fluid physiology. This modern concept, known in the literature as the “Bulat-Orešković-Klarica hypothesis”, suggests that cerebrospinal fluid is produced and absorbed throughout the entire central nervous system and moves under the influence of pulsation of blood vessels. It describes the production and absorption of this fluid as a continuous process of water exchange, in which hydrostatic and osmotic pressures play a crucial role, similar to other fluids in the body. While further research is needed to determine the accuracy of each of these concepts, it is time to reconsider the classical teachings in order to advance the treatment of pathological conditions in the cerebrospinal fluid system

Liječenje iznenadne bradikardije i arterijske hipotenzije tijekom ekscizije feokromocitoma u psa – prikaz slučaja

An 11-year-old female spayed Shih Tzu was presented with a history of weight loss, lethargy and a heart murmur. After extensive diagnostics, an adrenal mass was discovered, suspected to be a pheochromocytoma, and surgical excision was planned. During anesthesia, no signs of catecholamine discharge were seen. However, sudden bradycardia and hypotension occurred, necessitating anticholinergic therapy. Such therapy is usually contraindicated in patients with pheochromocytoma due to the risk of significant tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, and arterial hypertension. No adverse effects were noted, and the dog recovered uneventfully from the procedure.Sterilizirana ženka pasmine ši-cu, starosti 11 godina, zaprimljena je zbog gubitka težine, letargije i srčanog šuma. Nakon opsežne dijagnostike, otkrivena je tvorba na nadbubregu te je postavljena sumnja na feokromocitom i planirana je njegova kirurška ekscizija. Tijekom anestezije nisu uočeni znakovi otpuštanja katekolamina. Naprotiv, nastupile su iznenadna bradikardija i hipotenzija, koje su zahtijevale terapiju antikolinergicima. Takva je terapija obično kontraindicirana u bolesnika s feokromocitomom zbog rizika razvoja tahikardije, srčanih aritmija i arterijske hipertenzije. Nisu primijećeni nikakvi štetni učinci terapije antikolinergikom, niti postoperativne komplikacije

Drivers of customer satisfaction and loyalty in service industries

The relationship between customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and their antecedents, service output quality, quality of staff, corporate image, and price perception, is examined in the context of three service industries: use of the highway infrastructure, mobile telephone services, and hairdressing services. The research model was empirically evaluated for a large sample of respondents from a Central European country, using structural equation modelling. The results indicate that the four antecedents affect customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction acts as a mediator in all three service industries. However, the strength of the relationship between the constructs varies markedly across the industries, implying that competitive environment importantly determines the elements of service offering that lead to satisfaction and loyalty in a particular industry. The research findings contribute to a better understanding of which behavioural mechanisms and factors are a viable basis for increasing customer retention in a specific market structure. Managerial implications are discussed, and policy recommendations are offered

Assessment of the parameters of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in dogs

Sindrom sustavnog upalnog odgovora (SSUO) je klinička manifestacija sistemski proširene upale, različitog uzroka. Neki od najčešćih uzroka su sepsa, trauma, opekline i novotvorine. Ovaj sindrom često se povezuje s povećanim morbiditetom i mortalitetom u životinja. U ovo istraživanje uključeno je deset pasa zaprimljenih na Kliniku za kirurgiju, ortopediju i oftalmologiju zbog traume ili zahvata u trbušnoj šupljini, u kojih su primijećeni simptomi SSUO-a. Svi podatci prikupljeni su u vremenskom razdoblju od 14.8.2013. do 17.8.2015. SSUO je dijagnosticiran na temelju zadovoljenja najmanje dva od četiri potrebna kriterija: hipotermija ili hipertermija, tahikardija, tahipneja, leukopenija ili leukocitoza ili pojava nesegmentiranih neutrofila u krvotoku. Svim psima uzeta je krv za hematološku pretragu, a polovici i za biokemijsku. Svi psi praćeni su klinički za vrijeme hospitalizacije. Uspoređene su vrijednosti trijasa, hematološki i biokemijski nalazi. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je najučestaliji pokazatelj SSUO-a leukocitoza, a potom tahipneja. Međutim, nije pronađena poveznica između pojedinog pokazatelja i letalnog ishoda. Isto tako nije pronađenaSystemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a clinical manifestation of systemic inflammation induced by various causes. Some of the most common include sepsis, trauma, burns and neoplasia. This syndrome is often related to increased morbidity and mortality in animals. This study included ten dogs that developed signs of SIRS and that were admitted to the Clinic for surgery, orthopaedics and ophthalmology due to trauma or requiring surgical intervention in the abdominal cavity. All data was collected in the period from 14 August 2013 to 17 August 2015. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome was diagnosed based on the fulfilment of at least two of the following four criteria: hypo- or hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis or leukopenia or a left shift. Blood samples were collected from all ten dogs for haematological analysis, and from five dogs for serum biochemistry analysis. All dogs were re-evaluated clinically during hospitalization. Clinical, haematological and serum biochemistry data were examined. This study showed that the most frequent SIRS parameter was leukocytosis, followed by tachypnea. However, no link was found between specific SIRS parameters and a fatal outcome, nor between the number of occurring parameters and a fatal outcome. A much higher survival rate was observed in this study than in the literature. Considering the variability of the SIRS criteria and its unreliability in dogs, further study should be aimed at determining the relevant diagnostic and prognostic factors. poveznica između broja utvrđenih pokazatelja i letalnog ishoda. Utvrđena je znatno veća stopa preživljavanja nego u drugim istraživanjima. S obzirom na varijabilnost kriterija te nepouzdanost pokazatelja SSUO-a u pasa, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kojima bi se utvrdili dijagnostički i prognostički značajniji pokazatelji

Treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar syndrome

Bolest međukralježničnog diska čest je uzrok ozljede leđne moždine i motorne disfunkcije te se najčešće javlja u grudno-slabinskom segmentu kralježnice. Retrospektivnim istraživanjem u razdoblju od sedam godina obuhvaćena su 104 slučaja pasa s grudno-slabinskim (GS) sindromom liječenih na Klinici za kirurgiju, ortopediju i oftalmologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Većina pasa imala je akutnu kliničku sliku s visokim stupnjem neurološkog deficita. Francuski buldog bio je najčešći hondrodistrofični tip pasmine u koje se javljao GS sindrom dok je njemački ovčar bio najbrojniji u nehondrodistrofičnom tipu pasmine. GS sindrom u većem broju javljao se u muških jedinki. Ekstruzija diska u oba tipa pasmine javljala se u području T12-T13 i T13-L1 međukralježničnog prostora. Podatci o oporavku poznati su za 61,53 % pacijenata od čega je 70,44 % pacijenata postiglo zadovoljavajući oporavak. Nad svim pacijentima u provedenom istraživanju kao operacijska tehnika koristila se bilateralna mini hemilaminektomija izvedena od strane istog operatera. U 30 % pacijenata neovisno o nalazu mijelografije, materijal diska uočen je s obje strane međukralježničnog prostora zbog čega je opravdano razmotriti primjenu bilateralne mini-hemilaminektomije kao metodu izbora pri liječenju pasa s GS sindromom. Ovi rezultati će koristiti u budućim istraživanjima GS sindroma te će doprinijeti u njegovoj dijagnostici i liječenju.Degenerative intervertebral disc disease is the most common neurological disorder affecting the canine thoracolumbar spine. The clinical records of 104 dogs with thoracolumbar disc disease treated by decompressive surgery at the Clinic of Surgery, Orthopaedics and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb during a seven-year period (January 2011 through July 2018) were reviewed. The aim of this study was to compare the chondrodystrophic and nonchondodystrophic type according to breed, sex, age, body weight, extruded disc material site, neurological deficiency and operative findings. Most dogs had an acute clinical picture with a high degree of neurological deficiency. The French Bulldog breed was the most common chondrodystrophic type of breed for thoracolumbar syndrome, while the German Shepherd was the most non-chondrodystrophic type of breed. Thoracolumbar syndrome was more common in males. Disk extrusion in both types of breeds appeared in the T12-T13 and T13-L1 intervertebral space. Recovery data is known for 61.53% of patients, of which 70.44% of patients achieved successful recovery. All dogs were treated by bilateral minihemilaminectomy by the same surgeon. In 30% of patients, irrespective of myelography findings, the disk material was observed on both sides of the intervertebral space, making bilateral mini-hemilaminectomy advisable in the treatment of dogs with breast-syndrome syndrome. These results will be used in future studies of thoracolumbar syndrome, and will also contribute to its diagnosis and treatment

Meningeal rupture caused by gunshot in a dog – a case report

Ozljede kralježnice, a time i kralježnične moždine, u pasa su najčešće izazvane vanjskim uzrocima, primjerice traumom u prometu, padom s visine, nastrijelom ili protruzijom intervetrebralnih diskova. Za otkrivanje višestrukih povreda i određivanje prognoze neophodno je obaviti neurološki pregled. U nekim slučajevima radiografija će biti dovoljna za postavljanje dijagnoze. Međutim, uz osnovno snimanje bez upotrebe kontrastnih sredstava, daljnje pretrage poput mijelografije, epidurografije, stres radiografije ili segmentalnog snimanja će pomoći u razumijevanju uzroka i ozbiljnosti ozljeda kralježnice. Općenito se tijek radioloških pretraga pacijenata s traumom kralježnice može podijeliti na pretrage u budnom stanju i pretrage u anesteziji. Jedna od mogućnosti nastanka traume kralježnice u ljudi i životinja jesu i strijelne ozljede. Vrlo malo kliničkih istraživanja bavi se ozljedama u području vrata i vratne kralježnice, a istraživanja usmjerena na isključivo strijelne ozljede u području vrata, u veterinarskoj medicini baziraju se na prikaze slučajeva ili serije prikaza, do 3 slučaja. Najopsežnije istraživanje o prijelomima vratnih kralježaka obuhvaća 56 slučajeva pasa, u razdoblju od 23 godine, u kojem je u samo 2 slučaja (3,5%) povreda uzrok bio nastrijel. U svim dosada poznatim istraživanjima prekida kontinuiteta mozgovnih ovojnica kod pasa i mačaka nije zabilježen pozitivan ishod liječenja, odnosno preživljavanje, neovisno o etiologiji povreda. Na Klinike Veterinarskog fakulteta zaprimljeno je štene, križanac, oko 5 mjeseci staro. Ležalo je na boku, pri svijesti, tetraplegično. U području vrata i skapularnog podučja vidljivo je nekoliko starijih rana, temeljito sumnjivih na prostrijelne rane. Neurološkim pregledom ustvrđeni su znatni neurološki deficiti. Rendgenskim snimanjem u standardnim projekcijama utvrđeno je otečenje mekih tkiva desne strane vrata i potvrđen prostrijel s desne na lijevu stranu vrata u području šestog (C6) i sedmog (C7) vratnog kralješka. Mijelografski je u visini C7 utvrđen izljev kontrastnog sredstva u okolna tkiva, naročito dorzalno i lateralno, u desno, što dokazuje prekid kontinuiteta spinalnih ovojnica. Nalaz odgovara prostrijelnoj rupturi moždanih ovojnica (tvrde spinalne ovojnice - durae mater i paučinaste ovojnice – arachnoideae) dorzalno u visini od C5 do C7. Zbog težine stanja psa i neizlječivosti životinja je eutanazirana.Spine and spinal cord injuries in dogs are most commonly caused by external trauma, such as vehicular trauma, high rise syndrome, gunshot or intervertebral disc extrusion. Neurological examination is required to diagnose multiple spine injuries and prognosis. In some cases, survey radiography is useful in proper diagnosing. However, myelography, stress radiography, and sectional radiography are of value in addition to routine non-contrast studies in order to completely understand the various causes and severity of cord injuries. The concept of spinal radiography can be conveniently divided in procedures performed on the conscious patient and those performed on the anesthetized patient. In human and veterinary medicine, spinal lesions can be caused by gunshots. There are only a few publications outlining clinical studies of the neck and cervical spine injuries. Furthermore, gunshot injuries in the cervical region have been described in several case reports, though with a maximum of three cases. Only one comprehensive study investigated 56 cases of cervical vertebral fractures in dogs over a 23- year period. This study described only 2 dogs (3.5%) with cervical spine fractures caused by gunshots. No evidence of full recovery or survival was found in any of the publications studding meningeal tear in dogs and cats, regardless of the etiology of the rupture. A mixed breed male puppy, about 5 months old, was admitted to the small animal clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. He was conscious, in lateral recumbency, showing tetraplegia. Several chronic wounds were visible in the caudal cervical and scapular region with suspicion of a gunshot wounds. Neurological examination identified significant neurological deficits. X-rays findings included soft tissue swelling on the right side of the neck and gunshot from the right to the left side of the neck in the area of the sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) cervical vertebrae. Myelography finding showed contrast media leakage in the area of C7, especially dorsally and laterally on the right, which confirmed the meningeal tear. This finding was related to the gunshot-caused rupture of the dural and arachnoideal meninges dorsally in the area C5 to C7. Due to the dubious prognosis and lack of any possibility for treatment, the dog was euthanized

Clinical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs

U ovom radu opisana je klinička primjena nesteroidnih protuupalnih lijekova (NSPUL) u pasa. Razvojem veterinarske medicine i porastom broja pacijenata, nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi postali su gotovo nezamjenjivi u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi. Najčešće se primjenjuju u ortopedskih pacijenata, kako u perioperativnom razdoblju, tako i u dugoročnom liječenju različitih stanja, a posebno važnu ulogu imaju u liječenju osteoartritisa pasa. Njihova uporaba ograničena je njihovim štetnim učinkom. Zahvaljujući mnogobrojnim kliničkim istraživanjima provedenim na ljudima i životinjama, danas nam je poznato da su nuspojave ove skupine lijekova primarno vezane uz oštećenja probavnog sustava, bubrega i jetre. Razvojem novih, selektivnih COX-2 inhibitora, povećao se njihov sigurnosni profil. U ovom radu prikazana je usporedba postojećih NSPUL-a te smjernice o njihovoj uporabi, kao i mehanizmi nastanka štetnih učinaka. Do danas je objavljeno vrlo malo kliničkih istraživanja koja opisuju liječenje pasa s već postojećom bolesti bubrega, probavnog sustava ili jetre NSPUL-ovima, stoga ovim pacijentima treba pristupati s maksimalnim oprezom; prije početka terapije svakako trebamo tražiti suglasnost vlasnika te im objasniti potencijalne rizike ovakvog liječenja, a kad god je to moguće valja pribjeći nekoj drugoj, sigurnijoj metodi medikamentozneterapije.Thisarticlepresentsanoverviewofthe clinical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in dogs. NSAIDs are widely used in veterinary orthopaedic patients, most commonly in the perioperative period, as well as in the long-term treatment of osteoarthritis. The adverse effects of this particular group of drugs are mainly associated with either direct or indirect damaging effects on the digestive system, kidneys and liver. With the development of new COX-2 selective NSAID-s, these adverse effects are largely minimalized. This article compares the currently available NSAIDs, and provides guidance for their usage. Very little research has been done on NSAIDs and dogs already suffering from gastrointestinal, liver or kidney diseases. Therefore, the owner’s written consent is preferred before starting NSAID therapy in such dogs. The authors also advise that other, safer therapies be used in such patients, whenever possible

Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS

Effect of Fentanyl Infusion on Heart Rate Variability and Anaesthetic Requirements in Isoflurane-Anaesthetized Horses

Controversy continues to surround the use of opioids in equine anaesthesia, with variable effects reported. This blinded clinical study aimed to investigate the influence of a low-dose fentanyl continuous rate infusion (CRI) on isoflurane requirements, parasympathetic tone activity (PTA), and anaesthetic parameters in horses during general anaesthesia. All of the twenty-two horses included in the research underwent a standard anaesthetic protocol. Eleven horses in the fentanyl group (Group F) received a loading dose of fentanyl at 6 µg/kg, followed by a CRI of 0.1 µg/kg/min during anaesthesia. A further 11 horses in the control group (Group C) received equivalent volumes of normal saline. Anaesthetic parameters and PTA index were recorded during anaesthesia. The achieved mean fentanyl plasma concentration was 6.2 ± 0.83 ng/mL. No statistically significant differences between groups were found in isoflurane requirements, MAP values, and mean dobutamine requirements. However, horses in Group F required a significantly lower dose of additional ketamine to maintain a sufficient depth of anaesthesia. Significantly higher PTA values were found in the fentanyl group. Further research is warranted to determine the limitations of PTA monitoring, and the influence of various anaesthetics on its values