Activité Antibactérienne de l’Écorce de Pilostigma reticulatum (caesalpiniaceae) Sur des Enterrobacteriaceae et Staphylococcaceae

Les extraits aqueux et méthanoïque de l’écorce de Pilostigma reticulatum ont étaient testés sur quatre différentes souches bactériennes cliniques et quatre souches de référence. L’analyse des résultats obtenus montrent que les extraits bruts aqueux et méthanolique présentent une activité antibactérienne moyenne avec des diamètres de zones d’inhibition variant de 9 à 12 mm  Les extraits de cette plante n’ont aucune activité sur E. coli  et E20081AEEQ. Par ailleurs, la fraction acétate obtenue par fractionnent de l’extrait méthanolique a montré une bonne activité antibactérienne sur S. aureus (18,7 mm), S flexineri (16,7 mm), S2005BAEEQ (15,3 mm) et S ATCC29213 (20,7 mm). La fraction dichlorométhane issue du fractionnement de l’extrait méthanolique présente les mêmes caractéristiques que l’extrait brut méthanolique. Les extraits aqueux bruts montrent une activité antimicrobienne faible par rapport à l’extrait alcoolique. Le quotient CMI/CMB montrent que cette plante présente une activité bactéricide.    The aqueous and methanoic extracts of the bark of Pilostigma reticulatum were tested on different clinical bacterial strains and reference strains. Analysis of the results obtained show that the crude aqueous and methanolic extracts have an average antibacterial activity with diameters of inhibition zones varying from 9 to 12 mm. The extracts of this plant have no activity on E. coli and E20081AEEQ. Furthermore, the acetate fraction obtained by fractionating the methanolic extract showed good antibacterial activity on S. aureus (18.7 mm), S flexineri (16.7 mm), S2005BAEEQ (15.3 mm) and S ATCC29213 (20.7mm). The dichloromethane fraction resulting from the fractionation of the methanolic extract has the same characteristics as the crude methanolic extract. The crude aqueous extracts show weak antimicrobial activity compared to the alcoholic extract. The CMI/CMB quotient show that this plant has bactericidal activity

Activité Antibactérienne de l’Écorce de Pilostigma reticulatum (caesalpiniaceae) Sur des Enterrobacteriaceae et Staphylococcaceae

Les extraits aqueux et méthanoïque de l’écorce de Pilostigma reticulatum ont étaient testés sur quatre différentes souches bactériennes cliniques et quatre souches de référence. L’analyse des résultats obtenus montrent que les extraits bruts aqueux et méthanolique présentent une activité antibactérienne moyenne avec des diamètres de zones d’inhibition variant de 9 à 12 mm  Les extraits de cette plante n’ont aucune activité sur E. coli  et E20081AEEQ. Par ailleurs, la fraction acétate obtenue par fractionnent de l’extrait méthanolique a montré une bonne activité antibactérienne sur S. aureus (18,7 mm), S flexineri (16,7 mm), S2005BAEEQ (15,3 mm) et S ATCC29213 (20,7 mm). La fraction dichlorométhane issue du fractionnement de l’extrait méthanolique présente les mêmes caractéristiques que l’extrait brut méthanolique. Les extraits aqueux bruts montrent une activité antimicrobienne faible par rapport à l’extrait alcoolique. Le quotient CMI/CMB montrent que cette plante présente une activité bactéricide.    The aqueous and methanoic extracts of the bark of Pilostigma reticulatum were tested on different clinical bacterial strains and reference strains. Analysis of the results obtained show that the crude aqueous and methanolic extracts have an average antibacterial activity with diameters of inhibition zones varying from 9 to 12 mm. The extracts of this plant have no activity on E. coli and E20081AEEQ. Furthermore, the acetate fraction obtained by fractionating the methanolic extract showed good antibacterial activity on S. aureus (18.7 mm), S flexineri (16.7 mm), S2005BAEEQ (15.3 mm) and S ATCC29213 (20.7mm). The dichloromethane fraction resulting from the fractionation of the methanolic extract has the same characteristics as the crude methanolic extract. The crude aqueous extracts show weak antimicrobial activity compared to the alcoholic extract. The CMI/CMB quotient show that this plant has bactericidal activity

Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae) across different agroecosystems in Niamey, Niger

International audienceMalaria vector control in Niger is currently based on the distribution of insecticide treated nets. However, vectors resistance to insecticides represents a major threat to the current national strategy against malaria. This study aims to characterize the impact of agroecosystems on insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. at Niamey. Larvae collected were reared until emergence. Adults aged 2-5 days were used to assess susceptibility to insecticides (pyrethroids, DDT and bendiocarb) after pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist according to WHO protocols. PCRs were performed to identify the sibling species of An. gambiae complex and characterization resistance mutations (Kdr and ace-1). Overall, An. gambiae s.l. was resistance to pyrethroids and DDT (mortality rates from 1% to 55%) and susceptible to bendiocarb at most sites. Pre-exposure to the PBO synergist resulted in partial restoration of pyrethroid susceptibility. Two species of An. gambiae complex were found: An. arabiensis and An. coluzzii. The presence of An. coluzzii was strongly correlated with agricultural practices (99% in rice cultivation sites). Kdr mutations were found at all sites with kdr-w ranging from 45% to 70% in mosquitoes collected in unirrigated and rice field, respectively, and kdr-e found at 37% to 47% at each type of site, respectively. The ace-1 mutation was detected at low frequency (1%) and only from two rice cultivation sites. The high levels of pyrethroid and DDT resistance detected in Niamey had a strong link with rice cultivation, shown that agriculture is a driver of resistance that can compromise control malaria efforts

The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator: development and validation of a tool for identifying African surgical patients at risk of severe postoperative complications

Background: The African Surgical Outcomes Study (ASOS) showed that surgical patients in Africa have a mortality twice the global average. Existing risk assessment tools are not valid for use in this population because the pattern of risk for poor outcomes differs from high-income countries. The objective of this study was to derive and validate a simple, preoperative risk stratification tool to identify African surgical patients at risk for in-hospital postoperative mortality and severe complications. Methods: ASOS was a 7-day prospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing surgery in Africa. The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator was constructed with a multivariable logistic regression model for the outcome of in-hospital mortality and severe postoperative complications. The following preoperative risk factors were entered into the model; age, sex, smoking status, ASA physical status, preoperative chronic comorbid conditions, indication for surgery, urgency, severity, and type of surgery. Results: The model was derived from 8799 patients from 168 African hospitals. The composite outcome of severe postoperative complications and death occurred in 423/8799 (4.8%) patients. The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator includes the following risk factors: age, ASA physical status, indication for surgery, urgency, severity, and type of surgery. The model showed good discrimination with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.805 and good calibration with c-statistic corrected for optimism of 0.784. Conclusions: This simple preoperative risk calculator could be used to identify high-risk surgical patients in African hospitals and facilitate increased postoperative surveillance. © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Medical Research Council of South Africa gran

Maternal and neonatal outcomes after caesarean delivery in the African Surgical Outcomes Study: a 7-day prospective observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal and neonatal mortality is high in Africa, but few large, prospective studies have been done to investigate the risk factors associated with these poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: A 7-day, international, prospective, observational cohort study was done in patients having caesarean delivery in 183 hospitals across 22 countries in Africa. The inclusion criteria were all consecutive patients (aged ≥18 years) admitted to participating centres having elective and non-elective caesarean delivery during the 7-day study cohort period. To ensure a representative sample, each hospital had to provide data for 90% of the eligible patients during the recruitment week. The primary outcome was in-hospital maternal mortality and complications, which were assessed by local investigators. The study was registered on the South African National Health Research Database, number KZ_2015RP7_22, and on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03044899. FINDINGS: Between February, 2016, and May, 2016, 3792 patients were recruited from hospitals across Africa. 3685 were included in the postoperative complications analysis (107 missing data) and 3684 were included in the maternal mortality analysis (108 missing data). These hospitals had a combined number of specialist surgeons, obstetricians, and anaesthetists totalling 0·7 per 100 000 population (IQR 0·2-2·0). Maternal mortality was 20 (0·5%) of 3684 patients (95% CI 0·3-0·8). Complications occurred in 633 (17·4%) of 3636 mothers (16·2-18·6), which were predominantly severe intraoperative and postoperative bleeding (136 [3·8%] of 3612 mothers). Maternal mortality was independently associated with a preoperative presentation of placenta praevia, placental abruption, ruptured uterus, antepartum haemorrhage (odds ratio 4·47 [95% CI 1·46-13·65]), and perioperative severe obstetric haemorrhage (5·87 [1·99-17·34]) or anaesthesia complications (11·47 (1·20-109·20]). Neonatal mortality was 153 (4·4%) of 3506 infants (95% CI 3·7-5·0). INTERPRETATION: Maternal mortality after caesarean delivery in Africa is 50 times higher than that of high-income countries and is driven by peripartum haemorrhage and anaesthesia complications. Neonatal mortality is double the global average. Early identification and appropriate management of mothers at risk of peripartum haemorrhage might improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in Africa. FUNDING: Medical Research Council of South Africa.Medical Research Council of South Africa