Sastav i antioksidativna aktivnost Picris echoides

Some flavonoids with antioxidant properties from the aerial parts of the plant species Picris echoides (family Asteraceae) were identified. Upon chromatography, the ethyl acetate extract afforded flavonoids, such as flavone apigenin (1) and its glucoside, cosmosiin (2), as well as common plant constituents from this family, flavonol galetin (3 3,4’,5,6,7-pentahydroxyflavone) and 4,4’,6,7-tetrahydroxyaurone (4). The structure of the aurone 4 has not been described so far in the literature and presented a very rare type of aurone skeleton. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by interpretation of their physical and spectral data. The antioxidant activities of different extracts from Picris echoides were measured by the Schaal oven test at 60 ºC and by the Rancimat method at 100 ºC.Water/ethanol extracts (2:8, v/v), in concentrations of 0.02 and 0.05 %, showed lower activity than commercial tocopherol (Tch). On the contrary, the purified ethyl acetate extracts showed a strong concentration-dependent antioxidant effect. The investigation demonstrated that galetin was the main flavonol from this origin. According to the results of the two methods, galetin (3) showed a two-fold better activity than didTch and a lower activity than did butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The aurone 4 exhibited significantly lower antioxidant activity than did galetin at the same concentration level. Thus, the plant species P. echoides is a new and favorable source of natural lipid antioxidants.Ispitan je hemijski sastav vodeno/etanolnog ekstrakta domaće biqke Picris echoides (familija Asteraceae). Izolovana su i identifikovana četiri flavonoida: apigenin (1), njegov 7-O-glukozid (2), galetin (3 3,4’,5,6,7-pentahidroksi-flavon) i 4,4’,6,7-tetrahidroksi-auron (4). Skelet tipa aurona 4 vrlo retko je prisutan u biqkama i njegova struktura do sada nije opisana u literaturi. Određena je antioksidativna aktivnost različitih ekstrakata biqke, kao i čistih flavonoidnih supstanci u uslovima Schaal oven testa na 60 ºC i Rancimat metoda na 100 ºC. Vodeno/etanolni ekstrakti (2:8) u koncentracijama 0,02 i 0,05 % pokazali su slabu aktivnost u pore- đenju sa tokoferolom, dok su etilacetatni ekstrakti, u istim koncentracijama delovali kao efikasni antioksidanti. Dokazano je da galetin (3) pokazuje duplo veću aktivnost od tokoferola

Determination of arsenic content in tea samples available on Republic of Srpska market by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Introduction. Arsenic exists in various forms in nature and living organisms.Toxic elements, including arsenic, which are present in some plants,can severely damage haemopoietic, immune, nervous and reproductivesystems. For this reason, a content of heavy metals is one of the criteria forthe assessment of the safe use of plant material in the production of traditionalmedicines and herbal infusions. This instigates the need for constantand organized safety control of plants that are used as raw materialsin pharmaceutical industry.The aim of this study is to determine the arsenic content in selected teaswhich are available on the market of the Republic of Srpska.Methods. The 10 g samples of 13 herbal and 3 fruit teas were mineralizedby dry ashing and arsenic contents were determined by the atomicabsorption spectrophotometer Agilent Technologies Series 200 with anair-acetylene burner and D2 background correction.Results. Mean arsenic concentrations in the herbal tea samples rangedfrom 0.009 to 0.145 mg/kg. The lowest arsenic concentration in a singlesample of 0.007 mg/kg was found in Chamomile tea and Uva ursi collectedas a wild plant at elevation above 1200 m. The highest arsenic concentrationwas found in the sample of Sambucus nigra tea (0.145 mg/kg). Infruit teas, the arsenic concentration ranged from 0.014 mg/kg (Cranberry)to 0.027 mg/kg (Fruit mix).Conclusion. Arsenic content in all analyzed tea samples is below the valuestipulated by the national legislation

Seskviterpenski laktoni i monoterpenski glukozidi biljne vrste Picris echoides L.

Investigation of the constituents of the aerial parts of domestic plant species Picris echoides afforded the sesquiterpene lactones, i.e., guaianolides jacquilenin (1), 11-epi-jacquilenin (2), achillin (3) and eudesmanolide telekin (4). The chemical indenti-fication of the two monoterpene glucosides (-)-cis-chrysanthenol-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) and its 6'-acetate 6 is also reported. The guaianolide achillin (3) and the two monoterpene glucosides 5 and 6 were isolated for the first time from this plant species. Isolation was achieved by column chromatography and the structures were established mainly by the interpretation of their physical and spectral data, which were in agreement with those in the literature.Iz nadzemnog dela domaće biljne vrste Picris echoides (familija Asteraceae), korova poznatog pod imenom Grguša, izolovana su i identifikovana četiri seskviterpenska laktona, kao i dva monoterpenska glukozida. Identifikovani laktoni su gvajanolidi jakvilenin (1), ll-epi-jakvilenin (2) i ahilin (3) kao i eudesmanolid telekin (4). Monoterpenski glukozidi (-)-cis-krizantenol-β-D-glukopiranozid (5) i njegov 6'-acetat, 6 su takođe izolovani iz istog ekstrakta. Gvajanolid ahilin (3) i monoterpenski glukozidi (5,6) su po prvi put izolovani iz ove biljne vrste, dok su preostala tri laktona izolovana više puta iz evropske biljne vrste

Pojava gubitka perja kod kokoši nosilja

The paper examined the incidence of different forms of feather loss and cannibalism in laying hens aged 74 weeks following moulting and in laying hens following exploitation for a period of one year. The forms of feather loss were considered in detail through a repeated examination of video recordings and they were sorted according to localization - to feather loss on the ventral part of the neck, on the dorsal part of the neck, and on the back between the wings. Feather loss on the ventral part of the neck was established in 47.9% hens, and in the dorsal part in 16.77% hens of the 167 laying hens aged 74 weeks following moulting. The group of 129 laying hens that were observed following one-year exploitation exhibited considerably more frequent feather loss, in 96.90% hens it was localized on the ventral part of the neck, in 60.47% hens on the dorsal part of the neck, and in 20.16% hens it was localized on the back between the wings. A comparison of the results of the incidence of co localized forms of feather loss in the one and the other group of laying hens using the t-test showed statistically very significant differences. A detailed consideration of the video recordings using the method of sequence analysis did not reveal any cannibalism in either group of laying hens.U radu je ispitivana pojava različitih oblika gubitaka perja kod kokoši nosilja u uzrastu od 74 nedelje posle mitarenja i nemitarenih kokoši nosilja u uzrastu od 62 nedelje. Oblici gubitaka perja su detaljno razmatrani ponovljenim pregledom video zapisa i razvrstavani prema lokalizaciji i to na gubitke perja u ventralnom delu vrata, zatim dorzalnom delu vrata i leđnom delu između krila Gubitak perja na ventralnom delu vrata ustanovljen kod 47,9 posto kokoši, a na dorzalnom delu vrata kod 16,77 posto kokoši od ukupno 167 nosilja u uzrastu od 74 nedelje posle mitarenja. U grupi nemitarenih kokoši nosilja uzrasta od 62 nedelje ustanovljena je znatno učestalija pojava gubitka perja, i to kod 96,90 posto kokoši lokalizovanih na ventralnom delu vrata, kod 60,47 posto kokoši na dorzalnom delu vrata i 20,16 posto kokoši na leđima između krila od ukupno 129 jedinki. Poređenjem rezultata o učestalosti pojavljivanja lokalizovanih oblika gubitaka perja obe grupe kokoši nosilja t-testom ustanovljene su statistički vrlo značajne razlike. Detaljnim razmatranjem video zapisa primenom metode sekvencionalne analize nije uočena pojava drugih oblika kanibalizma kod obe grupe kokoši nosilja

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Parents and Pediatricians Regarding Antibiotic Use among Children: Differences in Relation to the Level of Education of the Parents in the Republic of Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina

Antibiotics are often misused, especially for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children, where their use is unnecessary and leads to antimicrobial resistance. This study sought to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of parents and pediatricians on the use of antibiotics among children and whether the level of education of parents has an impact on their KAP. The research was carried out among 1459 parents of children under 6 years of age and among 18 pediatricians. Sixty percent of pediatricians (61.1%) were prescribed antibiotics daily in their practice. Most of the surveyed parents (98.4%) state that doctors are their main source of information when deciding on the use of antibiotics in the treatment of their children. Parents with a higher level of education use television less often as a source of information when making this decision compared to parents with a lower level of education (p = 0.039, i.e., p = 0.003). The majority of parents (80.7%) knew that Panklav (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) is an antibiotic, while 52.5% identified Pancef (cefixime) as an antibiotic. Parents with a higher level of education correctly identified antibiotics significantly more often (p < 0.001). This study shows that in the Republic of Srpska, parents have adequate knowledge about antibiotics, especially those with a higher level of education, who show better KAP when it comes to antibiotic use