Molecular Response of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells to Oxidized Lipoproteins: Global and Targeted Studies

Global-scale examinations of biological systems at the molecular level complement targeted approaches to scientific inquiry that focus on specific subsets of biomolecules, or on a single molecule of interest. In this dissertation, we utilized both the discovery-based approach to evaluate the proteomics workflows centered around mass spectrometry as the key technology, and the targeted approach to examine the molecular response of RPE due to oxidized lipoproteins (oxLDL) treatments. A crucial aspect in proteomics studies is the design of bioanalytical strategies that maximize coverage of the complex repertoire of a proteome. A comprehensive, unbiased examination of the proteome represents a powerful approach toward system-level insights into disease mechanisms. We evaluated the performance of bioanalytical platforms for profiling of the proteome in a biological system. We applied a discovery-based approach to evaluate the global transcriptome and proteome changes due to oxLDL treatment in ARPE-19 cells. We studied the role of scavenger receptors CD36 and CD5L/AIM in ARPE-19 cells when induced with oxLDL. We compared three different multidimensional proteome fractionation platforms: polymeric reversed-phase liquid chromatography at high pH (PLRP), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and isoelectric focusing (IEF) separations. We applied a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in a data-dependent setting and used bioinformatics for protein identification. The three platforms identified a total of 1043 proteins altogether. Among the three bioanalytical strategies, SDS-PAGE followed by LC-MS/MS provided the best coverage. We also evaluated another bioanalytical platform which consists of a highresolution mass spectrometer combined with nano-UPLC in a data-independent setting without pre-fractionation for oxLDL mediated proteome alteration in ARPE-19 cells. This platform outperformed the SDS-PAGE based analytical platform in terms of proteome coverage as it identified around 2500 proteins, ca. 3-fold more proteins than the latter. Most importantly, this platform was able to perform label free quantification of differentially expressed proteome alteration. The platforms identified proteins with diverse physicochemical characteristics involved in various functional roles within the biological system. Furthermore, we carried out the first comparative transcriptomic and proteomic study for the evaluation of oxLDL effects on ARPE-19 cells after a 4 h exposure. The treatment with oxLDL affected the regulation of more than 700 genes that were involved in regulation of cell cycle, oxidative stress, cholesterol efflux, circadian rhythm, NRF-2 pathways. However, LDL treatment alone did not induce the regulation of these pathways. The differential proteomic analysis found 41 proteins affected due to the oxLDL treatment. This study provided a foundation for a bioanalytical platform for identification and label-free quantification in the human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) proteome. The list of differentially expressed proteins due to oxLDL treatment identified in this study gives insights to the change in proteins that might be interrogated for their roles in pathogenesis of macular degeneration. These findings could give us targets to intervene in the pathogenesis of AMD progression in human for the development of better treatment and prevention against this degenerative disease. Lastly, we studied the mechanistic role of scavenger receptors CD36 and CD5L/AIM in oxLDL uptake by ARPE-19 cells. We, for the first time, demonstrated the presence of scavenger receptor CD5L in ARPE-19 cell. The oxLDL uptake was primarily dependent on CD36, and both the CD5L/AIM and CD36 were seen to co-localize in the presence of oxLDL. Our results suggest a new dynamics on CD5L/AIM on the oxLDL uptake that was not seen in macrophages. The reduction in intracellular accumulation of oxLDL in the presence of extracellular recombinant CD5L/AIM is an interesting phenomenon as it has been recently shown the involvement of CD5L/AIM in autophagy

Upaya Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Peserta Didik

Students as the most important component in the educational process, should get good service and education system in order to increase their potential to produce learning achievement. One of the factors that affect learning achievement is environmental factors. This research aims to provide knowledge regarding the efforts that schools can do to improve learning achievement. The method in this research is literature study with descriptive method. Schools as places where the learning process takes place, can apply several efforts to improve student learning achievement through planning and implementing student management, school/madrasah management, good classroom management, creating innovative strategies from school principals, and improving the quality of educators and education staff in schools. These efforts are expected to be planned, socialized and implemented properly in schools in order to get better student learning achievement. Another thing that needs to be considered and must be done is evaluation activities in the school environment, through internal school meetings which can then be continued with the implementation of evaluation monitoring meetings

Pre- and Post-Conference Practices Amongst Nursing Students During Clinical Practice: A Literature Review

A conference is a team meeting which is undertaken by nursing staff at every shift change. The conference is conducted before (pre-conference) or after (post-conference) handover. The implementation of this conference has an impact on student skills in reporting plans and results of nursing care during shift changes. This study seeks to acquire an overview of the implementation of pre-conference and post-conference practices by nursing students in clinical practice. This research is a literature review study with five articles. Article ratings are measured using the JBI (The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools) format. The literature review was conducted using one database (Google Scholar) for previous studies published in the last 10 years (2010–2020). Of the five articles included in this study, one concluded the discussion pre-conference badly, two concluded the pre-conference was not optimal, and two articles concluded the pre-conference processes were acceptable. For the results obtained in post-conference research, one article did not explain explicitly about the implementation of the post-conference procedures, one concluded that the implementation of the post-conference was not optimal, one concluded that the implementation of the post-conference was quite optimal, and two articles concluded that the post-conference procedures were quite good. It is hoped that the results of this literature review can provide education and information for students, science, educational institutions related to the implementation of the method conference. Nursing students are advised to hold conferences accordingly with standard operating procedures (SOP) for good implementation results   Keywords: Nursing Student, conference, clinical practic

Overview of Nurse Compliance Level on Documenting Educational Provision to Patients and Families at Inpatient Room of Immanuel Hospital Bandung

Background: This study is the achievement of nursing compliance targets in the implementation of documentation at Immanuel hospital, this data obtained from a preliminary study of open medical record review (OMRR) providing education to 20 medical records of patients with the results of documentation on the assessment of patient education needs 85%, on planning of 70% education provision, 70% nursing education implementation and evaluation, namely verification of the understanding of education provided 80%. Objectives: The study aimed to describe of nursing compliance with documenting the provision of education to patients and families in the inpatient room of Immanuel hospitalin Bandung which includes Compliance with Assessment / assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation Methods: This study was conducted using descriptive method with quantitative approach. The total sample in this study was 55 subjects that selected using pruposive sampling techniques. Data collection uses observation sheets that have been tested for validity and reliability and the dataanalyzed using a frequency distribution. Results: The statistic data shows that majority of the subjects were obey (78.2%) in documenting the assessment, almost all of the subjects wereobedient (94.6%) in documenting planning, more than half were obedient (69.1%) in documenting implementation, and also complied (67.3%) in documenting evaluations. Conclusion:The level of nurses’ compliance with documenting the provision of education to patients and families illustrates that all nurses adhere to documentation, from the stages of assessment, implementation to evaluation. Recommendation the next research is to examine the function of the head room management to the completeness of the documentation of the nursing process, especially the provision of education