La nutrición del cultivo de trigo

El número de granos por unidad de superficie es la variable que mayormente explica el rendimiento del trigo, y es el resultado de la tasa de crecimiento del cultivo alrededor de floración (período crítico). Para que dicha tasa sea máxima, se requiere que las hojas intercepten más del 90-95% de la radiación y que la conviertan en biomasa con la mayor eficiencia posible. Para que estos objetivos puedan ser alcanzados se requiere de una adecuada disponibilidad de nutrientes. Por otra parte, la deficiencia de nutrientes también puede reducir el rendimiento al acortar el periodo crítico, reducir la partición de biomasa hacia estructuras reproductivas o disminuir la fotosíntesis durante el llenado de granos. En general, el cultivo puede tolerar deficiencias nutricionales tempranas sin que se resienta el rendimiento, siempre que éstas se reviertan antes del período crítico. Cada nutriente cumple funciones específicas en el metabolismo de las plantas. El nitrógeno (N), fosforo (P) y azufre (S) son constituyentes esenciales de moléculas orgánicas. El potasio (K), siempre como ión, es osmoregulador y, al igual que el magnesio (Mg), es activador enzimático. El calcio (Ca) cumple funciones primordialmente estructurales como estabilizador de membranas celulares. Los micronutrientes, por su parte, son constituyentes esenciales de varias enzimas. El rol específico de cada nutriente puede ser consultado en Echeverría y García (2015).Fil: Garcia, Fernando Oscar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Reussi Calvo, Nahuel Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaSimposio FertilidadArgentinaFertilizar Asociación Civi

How do phosphorus, potassium and sulphur affect plant growth and biological nitrogen fixation in crop and pasture legumes? A meta-analysis

Worldwide, legumes are grown on approximately 250 M ha and fix about 90 Tg of N2 per year. Plants involved in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) are particularly sensitive to deficiencies of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S). These nutrients can affect BNF directly; this is modulating growth of rhizobia, nodule formation and functioning, or indirectly by affecting the growth of the host plant. However, several process and mechanisms remain unclear. We compiled a data set (63 studies) on the effects of P, K, and S deficiency on shoot mass, nodule mass and number, nitrogenase activity (estimated by the acetylene reduction activity test, ARA) and the concentration of N, P, K and S in shoots and nodules. Our aims were (1) to compare the relative sensitivity of these traits to nutrient deficiency and (2) to probe for nutrient-specific patterns in trait responses. Our quantitative analysis confirms that nodule growth and number are more sensitive than shoot mass in response to deficiency of P, K and S. In addition, nodule activity decreases more than both shoot and nodule mass, which indicates a reduction in nodule productivity; this is likely related with direct effects of these nutrients on physiological and metabolic processes of nodules. The conserved shoot N concentration, in comparison to concentration of P, K and S indicates a relatively greater accumulation of N that matches the proposed N-feedback mechanism down-regulating BNF in nutrient-deficient systems. Despite some nutrient-specific differences, i.e. smaller nodules and higher N/K ratio with shortage of P and K, respectively, the patterns of growth, nodule activity and nutrient concentration were similar for all three nutrients P, K and S. This indicates that a unique mechanism could be depressing BNF (N-feedback) in conjunction with direct effects of the nutrients on nodule activity. Scarcity of data related to N, K and S concentration in nodules is a major constrain for deep analysis of the deficiencies of the nutrients. Critical concentrations of P, K and S in plant and nodule tissues are also a major gap. Models are needed that integrate the direct effect of the nutrients on nodule growth and activity with the N-feedback mechanism.Fil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sadras, Victor Oscar. University of Adelaide; Australi

Estrategias de fertilización fosforada en una rotación de cultivos en el sudeste bonaerense Phosphorus fertilization strategies in a Buenos Aires southeast crop rotation

En suelos del sudeste Bonaerense el fósforo (P) del fertilizante forma productos de mediana a alta solubilidad, lo cual le confiere un alto valor residual. A partir de esto, surge la posibilidad de definir estrategias de fertilización basadas en la frecuencia con que se efectúa su aplicación. Para rotaciones de cuatro cultivos en tres años se desconoce el efecto de alternativas de fertilización fosfatada. Los objetivos fueron: 1) evaluar el rendimiento de cultivos fertilizados con P anualmente y cada tres años, a la rotación de cultivos, y 2) determinar la eficiencia de uso y de recuperación del P (EUP y ERP, respectivamente) aplicado para dichas estrategias de fertilización. El experimento se realizó sobre un complejo de Paleudol Petrocálcico y Argiudol Típico en la EEA I.N.T.A. Balcarce, con un alto nivel inicial de P-Bray (28,7 mg kg-1) y bajo siembra directa. A lo largo de dos ciclos de rotación, integrados por maíz, soja y trigo/soja de segunda, se evaluaron tres tratamientos: aplicación de P con frecuencia anual, por única vez a la rotación y un testigo sin P, en bloques completos aleatorizados con cuatro repeticiones. No se observaron diferencias en el rendimiento de los cultivos fertilizados en forma anual y a la rotación, durante los dos ciclos. El testigo difirió de los tratamientos fertilizados solo durante el segundo ciclo de rotación. La EUP de la rotación (EUProt) no difirió entre estrategias de aplicación (19,4 y 32,4 kg kg-1 durante el primer ciclo y 32,9 y 37,4 kg kg-1 durante el segundo, para tratamientos fertilizados anualmente y a la rotación, respectivamente). Tampoco existieron diferencias entre estrategias de fertilización en la EUP de cada cultivo. En cambio, durante el primer ciclo, la ERP resultó mayor para el tratamiento fertilizado a la rotación respecto de la aplicación anual (0,13 y 0,03 kg kg-1), mientras que en el segundo ciclo no se detectaron diferencias entre ambos (0,16 y 0,17 kg kg-1 para la aplicación anual y a la rotación, respectivamente). Se encontró una débil asociación entre la variación anual en el nivel de P-Bray y el balance de P correspondiente al cultivo implantado dicho año. Para el tratamiento testigo, se elaboró un modelo para predecir la disminución en el P disponible considerando el nivel inicial de P-Bray y la exportación de P de los cultivos como variables.<br>In the soils of southeast Buenos Aires, fertilizer phosphorus (P) forms medium to high solubility products, making it possible to define different fertilization strategies based on application frequency. The effect of P application rates capable of fulfilling all crop requirements in intensive rotations in the region is unknown. The objectives of this work were to: (1) assess yields in crops fertilized with P annually and once during the crop rotation and (2) determine P use efficiency and P recovery for each fertilization strategy. The experiment was conducted at the E.E.A. I.N.T.A. Balcarce on a Typic Argiudoll and Petrocalcic Paleudoll complex, under no-tillage and with high P-Bray (Bray & Kurts, 1945) content (28.7 mg kg-1). During the two rotation cycles for maize, soybean, and double wheat/soybean crop, three treatments were assessed: application of P annually, application once during the rotation cycle, and a control without P application. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four repetitions. No crop yield differences were found between annual and rotation fertilization strategies across the two cycles evaluated. The control crop yield did not differ from the fertilized crop during the first rotation cycle but did during the second. The crop rotation P use efficiency (EUProt) did not differ between nutrient applications strategies (19.4 and 32.4 kg kg-1 during the first cycle and 32.9 and 37.4 kg kg-1 during the second for annually and rotation fertilized treatments respectively). There were no differences between strategies in the crop P use efficiency of each crop (EUPcult). In contrast, during the first cycle, the applied P recovery efficiency (ERP) was higher for the rotation fertilized treatment than the annual application (0.13 and 0.03 kg kg-1), while there were no differences in the second cycle (0.16 and 0.17 kg kg-1 for annual and rotation application respectively).The correlation between the annual change in soil P-Bray and the P balance of the crop sown that year was low. A model was developed to predict the available-P decline in soils without P application, considering initial P-Bray level and crop P exportation as variables

Long-Term Sulfur Fertilization: Effects on Crops and Residual Effects in a No-Till System of Argentinean Pampas

A long-term experiment has been conducted between 2001 and 2008 at Balcarce, Argentina, to determine the effect of sulfur (S) fertilization on S concentration in grains, crop yield, and residual S in soil. Two treatments were evaluated: annual S application to crops (15 kg ha−1; S1) and a control with no S fertilization (S0). Sulfur fertilization only increased wheat yield (22% of the crops in the experiment). However, S application increased S concentration in grains in wheat, soybean, and maize (56% of the crops). Although, for all years, the S mass balance was positive for S1 and negative for S0, no differences in soil S extracted as sulfate (S-SO4 −2) content previous to the crop sown were determined. The absence of differences in S accumulation in aboveground vegetative biomass and grain of the maize used as a check also suggest that long-term S fertilization did not affect the soil S availability for crops.Fil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Wyngaard, Nicolás. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

N and S concentration and stoichiometry in soybean during vegetative growth: Dynamics of indices for diagnosing the S status

Information regarding the pattern of sulphur (S) accumulation in shoots is scarce for field crops and few comprehensive analysis were performed on N:S stoichiometry. Particularly, the need to study the patterns of uptake, allocation and stoichiometry of S and N in soybean is two-fold. First, the main areas for soybean production in the world have been recently reported as S-deficient. Second, S concentration (%S) and N:S ratios are relevant for diagnosing S deficiency. The aim of this work was to analyze, in a gradient of S availability, the dynamics of nitrogen concentration (%N), %S and N:S ratio in soybean lamina, stem and shoots during vegetative growth. Experiments were performed at Balcarce, Argentina during two growing seasons. Two soybean cultivars were evaluated: DM2200 (maturity group II) and DM4970 (maturity group IV), sown in optimum dates for the region (mid-November). DM2200 was also sown late (early January). We sampled crops between biomass ≈ 1 Mg ha−1 and R5. Shoots were separated in lamina, stem and petiole, and pod. The adjusted S dilution curve for S-sufficient treatments was attenuated in soybean (S = 2.8 W−0.11), with no differences among cultivars of maturity groups II and IV, and sowing dates from November to January. For the same treatments, the N:S ratio was stable in shoots during vegetative growth (N:S = 12.2), supporting the use of a unique threshold for diagnosing the S status during this period. Sulphur concentration in stems was more responsive to the availability of S than%S in lamina. In addition, the concentration of N in stem tended to be constant with variation in %S while %N and %S correlated in lamina. This produced a greater response of N:S in stem than in lamina. Thus, the determination of%S and N:S in stem are good candidates as indicators of S status of soybean.EEA BalcarceFil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce-Unidad Integrada-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Fernando Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce-Unidad Integrada-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Sadras, Victor Oscar. South Australian Research & Development Institute; Australi

Diagnosis of S deficiency in soybean crops: Performance of S and N: S determinations in leaf, shoot and seed

The main areas for soybean production in the world have been recently reported as S-deficient. Chemical analyses of soil samples have not been successful for evaluating the S status of crops. It is generally accepted that plant tissue analyses are better than soil testing for predicting the necessity of S fertilization. Our aims were: (i) to analyze the patterns of S concentration (Sconc), N concentration (Nconc) and N:S ratios in soybean leaf, shoot and seed in response to S availability in soil, (ii) to determine the thresholds for S deficiency, and (iii) to evaluate the performance of the greenness index to assess Sconc and N:S in leaf.Fifteen field experiments were performed during seasons 2012/13 and 2013/14. Sulphur fertilization increased seed yield in 9 out of 15 sites. The critical thresholds for S deficiency were 2.65, 2.06 and 3.93gSkg-1, for leaf, shoot and seed, respectively. For the same plant parts, the N:S critical thresholds were 13.90, 12.18 and 13.50, respectively. The use of N:S better diagnosed the S status than the analysis of Sconc in leaf and shoot. The relative seed yield was weakly associated with Sconc and N:S in seed. We propose the use of N:S in leaf for in-season assessment of S-status. We also found that the greenness index is sensitive to changes in the S status of the plant, which facilitates the diagnosis.Fil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Unidad Integrada Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Fernando Héctor. Unidad Integrada Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sadras, Victor Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. University of Adelaide; Australi

Sulfur affects root growth and improves nitrogen recovery and internal efficiency in wheat

Wheat plants were cultivated in pots with the objective of evaluating the effect of two sulfur (S) rates (+S and −S) on (i) shoot growth, S and nitrogen (N) uptake and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and (ii) root growth and architecture and its relations with S and N uptake. Plant samplings were at Z39, Z51 and Z92 stages. Shoot mass and NUE were greater in +S treatment at the three stages. −S treatment increased root growth at Z39 (14% more length and 16% more tips) in comparison with +S, but the opposite occurred at Z51 (31% less area and 42% less mass). S uptake per unit root mass, area and length were greater in +S treatment at Z39 and Z51. A similar pattern was determined for nitrogen uptake (Nu) at Z39, but the opposite occurred at Z51. This indicates that Nu is mainly controlled by shoot growth and not by root growth.Fil: Carciochi, Walter Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; Argentina. Ministerio de Ciencia. Tecnología e Innovación Productiva. Agencia Nacional de Promoción Cientifíca y Tecnológica; ArgentinaFil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Lucrecia A. Ministerio de Ciencia. Tecnología e Innovación Productiva. Agencia Nacional de Promoción Cientifíca y Tecnológica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentin

Soybean shows an attenuated nitrogen dilution curve irrespective of maturity group and sowing date

It is generally accepted that the nitrogen (N) dilution curves relating shoot nitrogen concentration (%N) and shoot biomass (W) are similar among genotypes from the same species. However, differences in the pattern of biomass ratio between lamina and stem (Wlam:Wste) with increasing biomass would change the curve. Shoot biomass at flowering also affect biomass and N allocation in legumes and would affects the N dilution. In soybean, maturity groups (MG) or sowing dates can lead to differences in Wlam:Wste and in time from sown to flowering and hence the parameters of N dilution curves could be affected. The aims of this study were: (i) to determine the growth and allocation patterns of soybean as affected by maturity group (MG IV vs II) and sowing date and (ii) to establish allometric relations between growth and nitrogen, including N dilution curves. Our working hypothesis is that the reference N dilution curve in soybean is similar to the critical N dilution curve of non-legume C3 crops. Four experiments were performed at Balcarce, Argentina during three growing seasons with the aim to generate a wide range of growing conditions. Two soybean cultivars were evaluated: DM2200 (MG II) and DM4970 (MG IV), sown in optimum dates for the region (mid-November). DM2200 was also sown late (early January). We sampled crops between W ≈ 1 Mg ha−1 and R5. Shoots were separated in three compartments: lamina (Wlam), stem and petiole (Wste) and pod (Wpod). Despite the marked decrease in Wlam:Wste with increasing biomass, the N dilution curve was attenuated in soybean, with no differences among cultivars of maturity groups II and IV, and sowing dates from November to January. We propose that early pod onset and the constant%N in lamina and stem between R1 and R5 attenuated the N dilution curve in all MG and sowing date. Timely-sown MGIV showed a greater Wlam:Wste ratio at W = 1 Mg ha−1 and a more pronounced depletion of the ratio with increasing biomass. However, the N dilution curves were similar between maturity groups II and IV, and sowing dates from November to January. This could be attributed to the lower%N in lamina at V6 in comparison to R1 in timely-sown MGIV.EEA BalcarceFil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce-Unidad Integrada-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Fernando Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce-Unidad Integrada-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Sadras, Victor Oscar. South Australian Research & Development Institute; Australi

Sensitivity of sunflower cultivars with and without clearfield technology to the presence of diclosulam residues in the soil

Fil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Bedmar, Francisco. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Gianelli, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Quiroz, Facundo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Monterubbianesi, María Gloria. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Medici, Sandra. Instituto de Análisis Fares Taie, Argentina.El girasol puede sufrir carryover por diclosulam aplicado en soja como antecesor. El objetivo fue evaluar la sensibilidad a campo de híbridos de girasol CL, CL Plus y No CL, a distintas concentraciones de diclosulam en un suelo de Balcarce, y determinar los rangos de tolerancia. Se realizó un experimento en la EEA INTA Balcarce (Argentina) en 2017/2018, donde se evaluaron los cultivares de girasol Paraíso 102 CL (CL), Paraíso 1600 CL Plus (CL Plus) y Syn 3825 (no CL), expuestos a un rango de concentraciones de diclosulam entre 0 y 8,71 microg kg-1 de suelo. Se evaluaron variables de crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad y se construyeron regresiones entre estas variables y las concentraciones de diclosulam en el suelo que permitieron estimar el EC50 y EC10 (concentración de herbicida que reduce el valor de una variable en un 50% o un 10%, respectivamente). La sensibilidad del girasol a los residuos de diclosulam, mostró el siguiente patrón para todas las variables evaluadas excepto el número de plantas a emergencia: CL menor a CL Plus menor a no CL. La concentración de residuos de diclosulam en el suelo que no redujo significativamente el rendimiento respecto al testigo estuvo comprendida en el rango entre 0 y 0,9 μg kg-1 para no CL y CL Plus.\nEl rendimiento de CL, en cambio, no fue afectado por ninguna concentración. El contenido de materia grasa fue afectado en los tres híbridos, observándose las mayores reducciones (15%) en no CL a concentraciones de 4,6 a 8,7 micro g kg-1.tbls., grafs

Nitrogen diagnosis for double-cropped maize

Double cropping has been proposed as a strategy to promote ecological intensification. In temperate regions, maize (Zea mays L.) could be a viable option for double cropping. However, there is a lack of information regarding how maize adapts to the environmental and edaphic conditions that late sowing entails. Since nitrogen (N) is considered the most limiting yield factor for maize, the aim of this study was to assess double-cropped maize response to N fertilization in Mollisols from humid temperate regions. Eleven field experiments were conducted in the Southeastern Argentinean Pampas from 2018 to 2021. Five fixed N rates (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha-1) were evaluated at each site. Relative chlorophyll meter reading (CMR) at silking, grain yield, N content in grains, and grain number and weight responded to N fertilization in most sites. In responsive sites, the evaluated parameters were affected up to a 60 kg N ha-1 rate. Relative CMR accurately predicted variations in maize grain yield (R2 = 0.58). Contrarily, soil parameters (initial mineral N availability, ammonium-N released during a short anaerobic incubation, soil organic matter) were not associated to maize grain yield nor to its components. However, the N availability was associated with relative grain yield through a quadratic model, where initial N availability + Fertilizer N explained 67% of relative grain yield variability. Our results indicate that, although double-cropped maize productive potential is lower than obtained at early sowing dates, it responds to N fertilization, and its evaluation through the CMR contributes to a correct diagnosis to maximize yields.Fil: Crespo, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, Roberto Dionisio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Wyngaard, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; ArgentinaFil: Divito, Guillermo Adrián. Asociación Argentina de Productores en Siembra Directa; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Cuesta, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; ArgentinaFil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentin