Unavoidable Minors of Graphs of Large Type.

In this paper, we study one measure of complexity of a graph, namely its type. The type of a graph G is defined to be the minimum number n such that there is a sequence of graphs G = G\sb0, G\sb1,\... , G\sb{n}, where G\sb{i} is obtained by contracting or deleting one edge from each block of G\sb{i-1}, and where G\sb{n} is edgeless. We show that a 3-connected graph has large type if and only if it has a minor isomorphic to a large fan. Furthermore, we show that if a graph has large type, then it has a minor isomorphic to a large fan or to a large member of one of two specified families of graphs

A Genetic and Chemical Perspective on Symbiotic Recruitment of Cyanobacteria of the Genus Nostoc into the Host Plant Blasia pusilla L.

Published version. Source at https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01693 Liverwort Blasia pusilla L. recruits soil nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria of genus Nostoc as symbiotic partners. In this work we compared Nostoc community composition inside the plants and in the soil around them from two distant locations in Northern Norway. STRR fingerprinting and 16S rDNA phylogeny reconstruction showed a remarkable local diversity among isolates assigned to several Nostoc clades. An extensive web of negative allelopathic interactions was recorded at an agricultural site, but not at the undisturbed natural site. The cell extracts of the cyanobacteria did not show antimicrobial activities, but four isolates were shown to be cytotoxic to human cells. The secondary metabolite profiles of the isolates were mapped by MALDI-TOF MS, and the most prominent ions were further analyzed by Q-TOF for MS/MS aided identification. Symbiotic isolates produced a great variety of small peptide-like substances, most of which lack any record in the databases. Among identified compounds we found microcystin and nodularin variants toxic to eukaryotic cells. Microcystin producing chemotypes were dominating as symbiotic recruits but not in the free-living community. In addition, we were able to identify several novel aeruginosins and banyaside-like compounds, as well as nostocyclopeptides and nosperin

Prospectus, April 5, 1978

ELECTIONS SATURDAY: SIX IN RUN FOR THREE BOARD SEATS; Letters to the editor: Disgruntled trackster chastises track coach, Stu-Go answers editorial: \u27Here\u27s what we\u27ve done\u27; Parkland College News in brief: Tom Kendall: Stoneware artisan to visit here Sunday, PC Faculty Wives to view new seasonal styles, Saturday hours for LRC, SIU to sponsor guest day there on April 8, ISU transfer day April 15, Kuhns announced as new Parkland nurse, Basic handy hints in womans workshop, George Williams College rep here; Performance at Parkland April 14th and 15th: King a crowning success; Haughty habiliment highlights BSA show; New exams schedule; Newsweek\u27s Bruno: \u27Press isn\u27t supposed to get along\u27; Brewer, DeShong win awards; Classifieds; If that referee looked familiar; Baseball Cobras split twin bill; Women start softball seasonhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1978/1019/thumbnail.jp

Evolutionary patterns of morphometrics, allozymes and mitochondrial DNA in thrashers (Genus Toxostoma)

We examined patterns of variation in skeletal morphometrics (29 characters), allozymes (34 loci), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction sites (n = 74) and fragments (n = 395), and mtDNA sequences (1,739 bp from cytochrome b, ND2, ND6, and the control region) among all species of Toxostoma. The phenetic pattern of variation in skeletal morphometrics generally matched traditional taxonomic groupings (based on plumage patterns) with the exceptions of T. redivivum, which because of its large size clusters outside of its proper evolutionary group (lecontei), and T. occelatum, which did not cluster with T. curvirostre. Skull characters contributed highly to species discrimination, suggesting that unique feeding adaptations arose in different species groups. Although genetic variation was detected at isozyme loci (average heterozygosity = 3.6%), these data yielded little phylogenetic resolution. Similarly, mtDNA restriction sites were relatively uninformative; hence, phylogenetic conclusions were based on sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the monophyly of these traditionally recognized assemblages: rufum group (T. rufum, T. longirostre, and T. guttatum), lecontei group (T. lecontei, T. crissale, and T. redivivum), and cinereum group (T. bendirei and T. cinereum). The cinereum and lecontei groups appear to be sister lineages. Monophyly of the curvirostre group (which also includes T. occelatum) was not confirmed. Sequence data suggest that T. occelatum and T. curvirostre, which differ by 7.7% sequence divergence, are probably most closely related to the rufum group. Toxostoma rufum and T. longirostre have similar external appearances and differ by 5.0%. Toxostoma guttatum is restricted to Cozumel Island and often is considered a subspecies of T. longirostre; it differs by more than 5% from the other two members of the rufum group and is a distinct species constituting the basal member of this group. The phenotypically distinctive T. bendirei and T. cinereum differ in sequence divergence by only 1.6%. Overall, mtDNA distances computed from coding genes (mean 8.5%) exceeded distances computed from the control region (mean 7.6%), contrary to expectation. Because neither allozymes nor mtDNA could unambiguously resolve the placement of T. occelatum and T. curvirostre, a scenario involving contemporaneous speciation is suggested. Application of a molecular clock suggested that most speciation occurred in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene

A 52-Week Study of Olanzapine with a Randomized Behavioral Weight Counseling Intervention in Adolescents with Schizophrenia or Bipolar I Disorder

Objectives: To evaluate the 52-week safety/tolerability of oral olanzapine for adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar mania and compare effectiveness of a standard versus intense behavioral weight intervention in mitigating risk of weight gain. Methods: Patients 13?17 years old with schizophrenia (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children [BPRS-C] total score >30; item score ≥3 for hallucinations, delusions, or peculiar fantasies) or bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed episode; Young Mania Rating Scale [YMRS] total score ≥15) received open-label olanzapine (2.5?20?mg/day) and were randomized to standard (n?=?102; a single weight counseling session) or intense (n?=?101; weight counseling at each study visit) weight intervention. The primary outcome measure was mean change in body mass index (BMI) from baseline to 52 weeks using mixed-model repeated measures. Symptomatology was also assessed. Results: No statistically significant differences between groups were observed in mean baseline-to-52-week change in BMI (standard: +3.6?kg/m2; intense: +2.8?kg/m2; p?=?0.150) or weight (standard: +12.1?kg; intense: +9.6?kg; p?=?0.148). Percentage of patients at endpoint who had gained ≥15% of their baseline weight was 40% for the standard group and 31% for the intense group (p?=?0.187). Safety/tolerability results were generally consistent with those of previous olanzapine studies in adolescents, with the most notable exception being the finding of a mean decrease in prolactin. On symptomatology measures, patients with schizophrenia had a mean baseline-to-52-week change in BPRS-C of ?32.5 (standard deviation [SD]?=?10.8), and patients with bipolar disorder had a mean change in YMRS of ?16.7 (SD?=?8.9), with clinically and statistically significant improvement starting at 3?4 days for each. Conclusions: Long-term weight gain was high in both groups, with no statistically significant differences between the standard or intense behavioral weight interventions in BMI or weight. Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness findings were generally consistent with the known profile of olanzapine in adolescents.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140324/1/cap.2016.0010.pd

Prospectus, February 2, 1977

APATHY REIGNS: FOUR SEEK SIX POSTS IN FRIDAY\u27S ELECTION; PC news in brief: Intramurals volleyball, First Aid cards are in, Calendar errs, Voter registration info given; \u27Referendum crucial\u27: PC faces deficit: Neal; Producer Rick Orr visits PC this week; Editorial: Activity fees found discriminatory; Letters to the editor: Party thanks, Lots of Money; Staff editorial: Check \u27no\u27 no 1040\u27s; Forums set for spring; Parkland divided on amnesty question; Nettnin is VA coordinator, replacing Joe O\u27Daniel; New anti-crime group offers reward; Snowed over but not snowed in!; PC student starts Tel-a-quest; Lacking in days: February has the groundhog; \u27Beads\u27 is featured by Somedancers; Referendum polling places listed; 226 treated before end of month: PC Dental Clinic offers Head Start for teeth of local children; 2 new listings: Music Courses offered; Violinist Fried plays at Krannert; VA interprets changes; Somedancers Inconcert at Paxton, Saturday; Practicum new for art students this semester; Classifieds; Cobras defeat Danville; \u27Good\u27 moves into first place; Men\u27s Intramural Basketball Schedule; Kankakee game canceled: Women cagers undefeated so far; Co-Rec Volleyball Tuesdays; \u27Good competition\u27: Indoor track meets at UI; Kathy Kaler named to All-American teamhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1977/1029/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, March 1, 1977

UNDEFEATED PARKLAND WOMEN TAKE STATE; Western, Sangamon representatives here; Bob Clampett here today; Metric conversion workshops offered; According to poll: Most students to vote yes on referendum; Letter to the editor: Tutors needed; Staff editorial: MTD support is urged; Health Fair Mar. 8,9; Student forum: C-U must pass Bottle Bill; Financial security!: Workshop set for March 5; SSU rep. here March 3; Adam and Eve at Parkland; Parkland honor graduate awarded Williams Simmons Scholarship; 4-week NAS course offered at Gibson City; Resume most important when applying for a job; Damage minimal: Bomb rips restaurant; Fire hits three Country Fair stores; Forums presented; Student achievement: Alexander, Lower win award; \u27Here we come Kansas\u27: Undefeated Parkland Women defeat Wilbur Wright 80-66 to win State title; Mediasceen: Suggestions made for public network; Spring begins: March is the windy month; PC hosts math contest; Classifieds; Greene out with tonsilitis: Striders ready for State; Men\u27s Intramural Basketball Schedule; \u27Slowball\u27 back in 2nd; Undefeated women take state, defeat Wilbur Wright 80-66; Lose to Olney: Cobras end difficult season; Intramural playoffs set for Wednesday night; Men\u27s tourney Mar. 2-5https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1977/1025/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, October 25, 1978

HAPPY HALLOWEEN; Editorial ---- Is bookstore nonprofit?; Tobacco chewers. a minority; Gaybars, no interest to straights; letters to the editor: Bulldozed trees anger teacher; Bridge tourney to be Dec. 7; PC debaters attend tourney; Foreign language clubs have dinner; Parkland activities for Oct. 25-31; Christie hosts program; Final night for mime workers; PC speech team places tenth; Visitation day set at Parkland; PC board meeting: Parkland is in top ten in financial aid provided; Dance held for shelter; Illinois harvest \u2778; After the Illinois Harvest; Unspectacular season; Halloween gained popularity by potato famine; PC to celebrate Halloween; Women\u27s program is a success; African student gives his opinions of America; WPCD Top Ten Singles, Top Five Albums, Top Five Country Singles; Electronic club visits computer of Busey Bank; Free Classifieds; Tourney is this weekend; Little Feat better than ever; Volleyball to play six games; CC to run at state; Hartman places 3rd; Fast Freddy Contest; Seven score perfect in Fast Freddyhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1978/1006/thumbnail.jp

The Implications of M Dwarf Flares on the Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets at Infrared Wavelengths

We present the results of an observational campaign which obtained high time cadence, high precision, simultaneous optical and IR photometric observations of three M dwarf flare stars for 47 hours. The campaign was designed to characterize the behavior of energetic flare events, which routinely occur on M dwarfs, at IR wavelengths to milli-magnitude precision, and quantify to what extent such events might influence current and future efforts to detect and characterize extrasolar planets surrounding these stars. We detected and characterized four highly energetic optical flares having U-band total energies of ~7.8x10^30 to ~1.3x10^32 ergs, and found no corresponding response in the J, H, or Ks bandpasses at the precision of our data. For active dM3e stars, we find that a ~1.3x10^32 erg U-band flare (delta Umax ~1.5 mag) will induce <8.3 (J), <8.5 (H), and <11.7 (Ks) milli-mags of a response. A flare of this energy or greater should occur less than once per 18 hours. For active dM4.5e stars, we find that a ~5.1x10^31 erg U-band flare (delta Umax ~1.6 mag) will induce <7.8 (J), <8.8 (H), and <5.1 (Ks) milli-mags of a response. A flare of this energy or greater should occur less than once per 10 hours. No evidence of stellar variability not associated with discrete flare events was observed at the level of ~3.9 milli-mags over 1 hour time-scales and at the level of ~5.6 milli-mags over 7.5 hour time-scales. We therefore demonstrate that most M dwarf stellar activity and flares will not influence IR detection and characterization studies of M dwarf exoplanets above the level of ~5-11 milli-mags, depending on the filter and spectral type. We speculate that the most energetic megaflares on M dwarfs, which occur at rates of once per month, are likely to be easily detected in IR observations with sensitivity of tens of milli-mags.Comment: Accepted in Astronomical Journal, 17 pages, 6 figure