Status: For WG2 consideration Date: 2000-09-04

Numbers (Two digit numbers with circle, Dual circled numbers and Inversed circled numbers) requested by Japan (for compatibility with JIS X 0213:2000) are one of the open issues. This paper confirms Japanese position on to the number issues. Note: Regular symbols issue is in progress as separated discussion, and only open issue (beside this paper) is request of pre-composed characters. First of all, for compatibility (and round trip conversion) with JIS X 0213, there is no question that there is a needs to have the same repertoires within ISO/IEC 10646. Since, other than acceptance of the proposal, there are no simple method to accommodate the requirements in short period of time. Even though there are many new tricks are possible to be invented for meeting the needs, there are no immediate proven solution yet, therefore, it would be better to provide the characters as original requirement for COMPATIBILITY WITH NATIONAL STANDARD immediately. Therefore, Japan requests to include the three types of circled characters into the BMP. 1 Japan noticed that there is an opinion which says “since number is endless, thus

One-sided learning about one’s own type in a two-sided search model: The case of n types of agents

This study analyzes a two-sided search model in which agents are vertically heterogeneous and agents on one side do not know their own type. Agents with imperfect self-knowledge update their beliefs based on the offers or rejections they receive from others. The results are as follows. An agent with imperfect self-knowledge lowers his or her reservation level if the agent receives a rejection that leads him or her to revise belief downward. However, an agent with imperfect self-knowledge does not raise his or her reservation level even if the agent receives an offer that leads him or her to revise his or her belief upward. As a result, an agent with imperfect self-knowledge has the highest reservation level when he or she has just entered the market; after that, a series of meetings gradually lowers his or her reservation level over the duration of the search.JEL Classification Codes: D82, D83, J12http://doi.org/10.24545/0000134

Time-of-use and time-of-export tariffs for home batteries: Effects on low voltage distribution networks

Time-of-use electricity tariffs are gradually being introduced around the world to expose consumers to the time-dependency of demand, however their effects on peak flows in distribution networks, particularly in areas with domestic energy storage, are little understood. This paper presents investigations into the impact of time-of-use and time-of-export tariffs in residential areas with various penetrations of battery storage, rooftop solar PV, and heat pumps. By simulating battery operation in response to high resolution household-level electrical and thermal demand data, it is found that home batteries operating to maximise cost savings in houses signed up to time-dependent tariffs cause little reduction in import and export peaks at the low voltage level, largely because domestic import and export peaks are spread out over time. When operating to maximise savings from the first three-tier time-of-use tariff introduced in the UK, batteries could even cause increases in peak demand at low voltage substations, if many batteries in the area commence charging at the start of the overnight off-peak price band. Home batteries operating according to time-dependent electricity tariffs significantly miss out on the potential peak shaving that could otherwise be achieved through dedicated peak shaving incentives schemes and smarter storage control strategies

E-grocery challenges and remedies: Global market leaders perspective

The purpose of the study is to identify logistic elements germane to e-grocery businesses, and to reveal the challenges collateral with each logistic element. Further, it strives to create a better understanding of specific remedies that have been employed by top e-grocery retailers to overcome existing challenges while aligning identified challenges with Turban’s framework. Extensive semi-structured interviews were conducted with management staff in three of the top ten global online grocery retailers and another that was a market leader in a European country. The qualitative data collected was transcribed and coded using a non-hierarchical axial coding to identify emerging themes in content analysis. The results expose a range of challenges that could be compartmentalised into three broad categories, in harmony with the different stages of the order fulfilment process. Interestingly, the study found that most challenges were operational rather than tactical or strategic in nature. While the study expands existing knowledge, its revelation that most challenges lie in the management of roles and responsibilities domain is instructive. This makes it imperative for practitioners to focus on this specific area if meaningful improvement in e-grocery retailing performance is to be realised. This research offers a systematic understanding of supply and distribution challenges, including remedies utilised to ameliorate the effect of the challenges from the perspectives of the top companies in the industry. These remedies can be invaluable for existing and emerging e-grocers

Regional growth dynamics in the service sector: The determinants of employment change in UK regions 1971-2005

There is a need to better understand the dynamics relating to the evolving economic structure of regions, in particular factors concerning deindustrialisation and the growth of service sector activities. In order to unpick the dynamics relating to contemporary regional evolution, this paper examines regional employment in the UK's service sector from 1971-2005. The analysis utilises the statistical technique of multi-factor partitioning to examine the evolutionary dynamics of employment change in the UK service sector. Overall, differing growth trajectories in service sector employment across regions appear to be the result of the different underlying industrial structure observed within the regions themselves. The findings indicate that the industrial structure of a region has a significant influence on employment change in the service sector, with related variety being of greater consequence than specialisation. This suggests that diversity, or urbanisation, effects have a greater influence than specialisation effects on 'lighter' industries than 'heavier' industries. Spatio-temporal variations within the development of the service sector are evident in the analysis and there is evidence of convergence across the regions for all sub-sectors examined. It is concluded that in an increasingly service dominated economy, diversity and related variety have some weight in explaining regional development paths

Report of Special Committee on Distribution of Work

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_arprts/1284/thumbnail.jp

Report of Special Committee on Distribution of Work, 1915

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_assoc/3457/thumbnail.jp

Responses of two temperate evergreen Nothofagus species to sudden and gradual waterlogging: relationships with distribution patterns Respuestas de dos especies siempreverdes de Nothofagus al anegamiento gradual y repentino: relaciones con patrones de dist

ABSTRACT The effects of gradual waterlogging on trees have been little studied. The temperate evergreens Nothofagus nitida and N. dombeyi are differentially distributed on soil moisture gradients, only the former being common on poorly-drained sites. We compared the relative height growth rate (RGR H ) and foliage loss of seedlings subjected experimentally to normal drainage (soil at field capacity), sudden waterlogging and gradual waterlogging for two months to determine which waterlogging regime more accurately predicts interspecific differences in tolerance, as evident from natural distributions. RGR H was similar between species but differed between treatments (normal watering > gradual waterlogging = sudden waterlogging). Sudden waterlogging caused massive foliage loss in the two species, but gradual waterlogging caused much greater foliage loss in N. dombeyi than in N. nitida, indicating some degree of acclimation by the latter species. Linear regressions indicated that RGR H was negatively affected by foliage loss in both species, without differences between them. Since no difference in RGR H was found between species in the waterlogging treatments, but yet in foliage loss, other mechanisms may be involved in the short term growth reduction of N. nitida. Effects of waterlogging on long-term performance in the field were evaluated by reciprocal transplants between a poorly-drained site naturally occupied by N. nitida, and a well drained site naturally occupied by N. dombeyi. After two growing seasons, N. dombeyi had significantly lower specific leaf area (SLA) and RGR H , at the poorly drained site than at its original site. At the poorly drained site N. nitida achieved 100 % survival, compared with 73.5 % in N. dombeyi. Reduced growth and survival of N. dombeyi associated with the negative effects on carbon gain of extensive foliage loss and reduced SLA may thus exclude it from the wetter sites. We conclude that tolerance may be better predicted from responses to gradual, rather than sudden waterlogging. Key words: Nothofagus, reciprocal transplants, seedling growth, temperate rainforest. RESUMEN Los efectos del anegamiento gradual sobre las especies arbóreas han sido poco estudiados. Nothofagus nitida y N. dombeyi son especies siempreverdes templadas diferencialmente distribuidas sobre gradientes de humedad del suelo; solo la primera es común en sitios de drenaje pobre. Comparamos la tasa de crecimiento relativo (RGR H ) y la pérdida foliar de plántulas de dos a tres años sujetas experimentalmente durante dos meses a drenaje normal (humedad del suelo en capacidad de campo), anegamiento repentino y anegamiento gradual, para determinar qué régimen de anegamiento predice mejor diferencias interespecíficas en tolerancia, las cuales son sugeridas desde las distribuciones naturales. RGR H resultó similar entre las especies pero difirió entre tratamientos (controles > anegamiento gradual = anegamiento repentino). El anegamiento repentino causó una masiva pérdida foliar en ambas especies, pero el anegamiento gradual causó mayor pérdida en N. dombeyi que en N. nitida indicando cierto grado de aclimatación por parte de esta última. Regresiones lineares indicaron que RGR H fue negativamente afectado por la pérdida foliar en ambas especies pero más en N. dombeyi, sugiriendo que otro mecanismo causó el decrecimiento de RGR H en N. nitida. Para evaluar el efecto del anegamiento sobre el desempeño en el largo plazo, se realizaron trasplantes recíprocos en la cordillera de la Costa entre un sitio de drenaje limitado dominado por N. nitida y sin N. dombeyi, y un sitio sin limitaciones de drenaje dominado por N. dombeyi y sin N. nitida. Luego de dos temporadas de 258 PIPER ET AL. crecimiento, N. dombeyi presentó menores área foliar específica (SLA) y RGR H en el sitio de drenaje limitado que en su sitio original. La sobrevivencia en el sitio de drenaje pobre fue 100 % para N. nitida y 73,5 % para N. dombeyi. Reducidos crecimiento y sobrevivencia de N. dombeyi asociados a los efectos negativos de masiva pérdida foliar y reducida SLA podrían excluir a esta especie de sitios muy húmedos. Concluimos que la tolerancia puede predecirse mejor desde respuestas al anegamiento gradual, más que al anegamiento repentino. Palabras clave: crecimiento de plántulas, Nothofagus, bosque lluvioso templado, trasplantes recíprocos