Overview of cattle diseases listed under category C, D or E in the animal health law for wich control programmes are in place within Europe

13 páginas, 5 figuras, 3 tablas.The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.Peer reviewe

Delivery of DNA vaccines by agarose hydrogel implants facilitates genetic immunization in cattle.

&lt;p&gt;The present study demonstrates the interest of two slow-release systems as vaccination tools in cattle. Two experiments show that a first intradermal administration of one DNA vaccine dose combined with the slow-release of a second dose conduct to a priming of the bovine herpesvirus 1-specific immune response similar to the one generated by two discrete administrations 4 weeks apart. The first experiment demonstrates the efficacy of the slow-release system with well-characterized Alzet osmotic pumps, whereas the second experiment extends the same concept with innovative agarose hydrogel implants. These latter implants are cheaper and more convenient than the osmotic pumps or repeated intradermal administrations since they contribute to an efficient priming of the immune response in a single manipulation of the animals.&lt;/p&gt;</p

Prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1 in the Belgian cattle population.

&lt;p&gt;The national bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) seroprevalence (apparent prevalence) in the Belgian cattle population was determined by a serological survey that was conducted from December 1997 to March 1998. In a random sample of herds (N=556), all cattle (N=28478) were tested for the presence of antibodies to glycoprotein B of BHV-1. No differentiation could be made between vaccinated and infected animals, because the exclusive use of marker vaccines was imposed by law only in 1997 by the Belgian Veterinary Authorities. Twenty-one percent of the farmers vaccinated continuously against BHV-1. In the unvaccinated group, the overall herd, individual-animal and median within-herd seroprevalences were estimated to be 67% (95% confidence interval (CI)=62-72), 35.9% (95% CI=35.0-36.8) and 33% (quartiles=14-62), respectively. Assuming a test sensitivity and specificity of 99 and 99.7%, respectively, the true herd, individual-animal and median within-herd prevalence for the unvaccinated group of herds were estimated to be 65, 36 and 34%, respectively. The true herd prevalence for dairy, mixed and beef herds were respectively, 84, 89 and 53%; the true individual-animal prevalence for those types of herds were, respectively, 35, 43 and 31%; whereas, the true median within-herd prevalences were 36, 29 and 38%.&lt;/p&gt;</p

Evaluation of a hierarchical ascendant clustering process implemented in a veterinary syndromic surveillance system.

&lt;p&gt;Syndromic surveillance is considered as one of the surveillance components for early warning of health-related events, as it allows detection of aberrations in health indicators before laboratory confirmation. &quot;MoSS-Emergences 2&quot; (MoSS-E2), a tool for veterinary syndromic surveillance, aggregates groups of similar clinical observations by hierarchical ascendant classification (HAC). In the present study, this HAC clustering process was evaluated using a reference set of data that, for the purpose of this evaluation, was a priori divided and defined as Bluetongue (BTV) positive cases (PC) on the one hand and BTV negative cases (NC) on the other hand. By comparing the clustering result of MoSS-E2 with the expected outcome, the sensitivity (the ability to cluster PC together) and specificity (the ability to exclude NC from PC) of the clustering process were determined for this set of data. The stability of the classes obtained with the clustering algorithm was evaluated by comparing the MoSS-E2 generated dendrogram (applying complete linkage) with dendrograms of STATA® software applying average and single linkage methods. To assess the systems&#039; robustness, the parameters of the distance measure were adjusted according to different scenarios and obtained outcomes were compared to the expected outcome based on the a priori known labels. Rand indexes were calculated to measure similarity between clustering outcomes. The clustering algorithm in its default settings successfully segregated the reference BTV cases from the non-BTV cases, resulting in a sensitivity of 100.0% (95% CI: 89.0-100.0) and a specificity of 100.0% (95% CI: 80.0-100.0) for this set of data. The different linkage methods showed similar clustering results indicating stability of the classes (Rand indexes of respectively 0.77 for average and 0.75 for single linkage). The system proved to be robust when changing the parameters as the BTV cases remained together in meaningful clusters (Rand indexes between 0.72 and 1). The configurable MoSS-E2 system demonstrated its suitability to identify meaningful clusters of clinical syndromes.&lt;/p&gt;</p

Two protocols of hyperimmunisation through marker vaccines reduce the incidence of seroconversion against the bovine herpesvirus 1 in dairy livestock: results of a field study.

A 28 months long cohort study was organized in dairy herds in Belgium, to assess the efficacy of hyperimmunisation as a tool for the control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Two protocols of hyperimmunisation in which glycoprotein-E deleted marker vaccines were repeatedly administered were compared to a positive control group in which the usual vaccination protocols were authorised. The two hyperimmunisation protocols differed in the primovaccination : the first group was treated with an attenuated vaccine firstly given intra-nasally then by intramuscular route whereas the second group was given an inactivated vaccine by subcutaneous injection. Afterwards, booster vaccinations were the same in both groups : an inactivated vaccine was administered by subcutaneous route every 6 months. In the control group, as a rule, part of the herd was vaccinated annually. For each group, 6 half-yearly reports specify : 1. the evolution of the population, categorized by birth half-year, 2. the incidence of seroconversion against gE in the cohorts and 3. the evolution of the gE seroprevalence. The survival curves of the hyperimmunised groups show a significantly higher proportion (P < 0,001) of animals remaining seronegative against glycoprotein- E compared to the positive control group. No significant difference was shown between the two protocols of hyperimmunisation. Both of them could then be used as tools for the control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Réduction de l'incidence de séroconversion envers l'herpèsvirus bovin 1 en cheptels mixtes laitier/viandeux par l'administration répétée de vaccins marqués inactivés

A cohort study was conducted in dairy/beef mixed herds (DBMH) to assess the efficacy of hyperimmunisation for the control of bovine herpesvirus 1 (IBR). Two protocols using repeated administrations of vaccine were compared to a positive control group (PCG). Only the primovaccination was different in the hyperimmunised herds: in group 1, live attenuated vaccine was given firstly intra-nasally then by intramuscular route, in group 2 an inactivated vaccine was twice given subcutaneously. Boosters were identical in both groups: inactivated vaccines given subcutaneously about every 6 months. In the PCG, yearly vaccination of a part of the animals was the general rule. The efficacy of the protocols was studied by survival analysis considering times to seroconversion towards the gE glycoprotein. In cattle of group 2, a significantly larger proportion of animals remained seronegative compared to group 1 and to PCG. The probabilities of seroconversion were different among groups considering gender and birth cohorts. Although a reduction of gE seroprevalence was observed in group 1, only group 2 showed a significant advantage for the control of IBR in DBMH compared to PCG.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Reduction of the seroconversion incidence against bovine herpesvirus 1 in dairy/beef mixed herds by the repeated administration of inactivated gE deleted marker vaccines

A cohort study was conducted in dairy/beef mixed herds (DBMH) to assess the efficacy of hyperimmunisation for the control of bovine herpesvirus 1 (IBR). Two protocols using repeated administrations of vaccine were compared to a positive control group (PCG). Only the primovaccination was different in the hyperimmunised herds : in group 1, live attenuated vaccine was given firstly intra-nasally then by intramuscular route, in group 2 an inactivated vaccine was twice given subcutaneously. Boosters were identical in both groups: inactivated vaccines given subcutaneously about every 6 months. In the PCG, yearly vaccination of a part of the animals was the general rule. The efficacy of the protocols was studied by survival analysis considering times to seroconversion towards the gE glycoprotein. In cattle of group 2, a significantly larger proportion of animals remained seronegative compared to group 1 and to PCG. The probabilities of seroconversion were different among groups considering gender and birth cohorts. Although a reduction of gE seroprevalence was observed in group 1, only group 2 showed a significant advantage for the control of IBR in DBMH compared to PCG