Lebenslange Freiheitsstrafe in Europa:Die neue Rechtssprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte

Die Europäische Haltung der lebenslangen Freiheitsstrafe gegenüber hat sich in den letzten Jahren deutlich gewandelt. Signifikant hierfür ist der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (EGMR), insbesondere die Große Kammer, welche sich in den letzten Jahren vermehrt mit dem Thema auseinandersetzen musste. Die Entwicklung ist besonders auffällig in den letzten fünf Jahren, da seit 2012 der EGMR verstärkt für ein Verbot der lebenslangen Freiheitsstrafe ohne Möglichkeit einer vorzeitigen Entlassung plädiert. Ein solches Verbot hat nicht nur Auswirkungen auf nationale Rechtsfragen, sondern auch auf zwischenstaatliche Beziehungen, da es sich auf die Rechtmäßigkeit von Ausweisungsverfahren Schwerkrimineller auswirkt. Während sich die Große Kammer im Jahr 2017 inkonsequent ihrer vorherigen Aussage gegenüber zeigte, dass auch lebenslang Inhaftierte eine realistische Chance auf Entlassung verdienen, wurde zum ersten Mal für die generelle Abschaffung der lebenslangen Freiheitsstrafe argumentiert

Oblici odmjeravanja kazne u međunarodnom kaznenom pravosuđu

Ovo je tekst predavanja što ga je autor održao 9. svibnja 2003. u Max Planckovu institutu za strano i međunarodno kazneno pravo, Freiburg i. Br. Prethodna verzija objavljena je pod nazivom Punishment and Human Rights in Criminal Justice, Human Rights Law Review 2002, 1. Njemački je tekst objavljen u Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft (ZStW), Auslandsrundschau, 115. Band, 2003, str. 931-957. Prijevod s njemačkog prof. dr. sc. Petar Novoselec. Prijevod objavljujemo uz suglasnost izdavača ZStW, de Gruyter Rechtswissenschaftlichen Verlags-GmbH, Berlin

Oblici odmjeravanja kazne u međunarodnom kaznenom pravosuđu

Ovo je tekst predavanja što ga je autor održao 9. svibnja 2003. u Max Planckovu institutu za strano i međunarodno kazneno pravo, Freiburg i. Br. Prethodna verzija objavljena je pod nazivom Punishment and Human Rights in Criminal Justice, Human Rights Law Review 2002, 1. Njemački je tekst objavljen u Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft (ZStW), Auslandsrundschau, 115. Band, 2003, str. 931-957. Prijevod s njemačkog prof. dr. sc. Petar Novoselec. Prijevod objavljujemo uz suglasnost izdavača ZStW, de Gruyter Rechtswissenschaftlichen Verlags-GmbH, Berlin

Aspects of the invasion of southern tall grassveld by Aristida junciformis subsp. junciformis Trin. et Rupr.

Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.Aristida junciformis subsp. junciformis Trin. et Rupr. is an indigenous, densely tufted, evergreen perennial grass associated with the degeneration of grasslands over large areas of South Africa. More than two hundred thousand square kilometres of veld, c. 17% of the total land area of South Africa, contains A. junciformis. The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which this species invades and dominates grassland, specifically in this study, Southern Tall Grassveld. Aristida junciformis also has a low nutritional value resulting in a very low grazing value. The unpalatability of the plant is due to the high tensile strength of the leaves, whose hard, fibrous laminas are very difficult for a grazing animal to crop once their length attains 30 cm or more. This species lack of response to conventional grazing practices has often resulted in a grassland in which the carrying capacity has diminished to such an extent as to be virtually useless for grazing in a relatively short time. The extent of encroachment of veld by A. junciformis appears dependant on the frequency of disturbance and rest afforded to the veld. Annual burning and mowing maintained the species composition of A. junciformis at levels <10% whilst protection from fire, burning or grazing allows this species to dominate the herbaceous layer at levels approaching 90%. Aristida junciformis does not become moribund and is unlikely to die if left undefoliated. As the abundance of A. junciformis increases, veld deterioration gradually accelerates through increased selective grazing on remaining palatable species. Competition from adult A. junciformis plants increases the mortality of seedlings and constrains growth of surviving seedlings. Tiller production of Aristida junciformis seedlings declined from an average of 5.2 tillers per seedling in a no competition situation to 2.2 tillers per seedling when subjected to full competition. Tiller production of T. triandra seedlings decreased from 9.6 tillers per seedling free from competition to 3.3 tillers per seedling subject to full competition for resources. Once these seedlings have become adult plants they are avoided by grazing animals and grazing pressure on the remaining palatable species consequently increases. This allows the A. junciformis plants to increase their size and density in the sward. Once this density is sufficiently high, grass seedlings of either A. junciformis or more desirable grass species such as T. triandra are unable to establish, eventually resulting in a monospecific stand of A. junciformis if left undisturbed. Large amounts of caryopses are produced by A. junciformis - up to a 19 000 caryopses from a large mature plant (c. 38 000 caryopses/m²). Of these c. 40% is likely to be infertile but the remaining c. 60% viable caryopses are dispersed in a typically leptokurtic distribution, the number of caryopses dispersed rapidly declining within a 10 metre radius. A large proportion of the caryopses was trapped in surrounding foliage but in open swards caryopses had greater opportunity to be blown further distances than in a closed sward. The density of A. junciformis caryopses on the soil surface was positively correlated with the density of flowering adult plants in the area and varied from 400 caryopses/m² (density of parent plants c. 0.6 plants/m²) in less effected areas to 11000 caryopses/m² (density of adult plants c. 6 plants/m²) in severely encroached areas. The primary function of the three awns appears to be orientating the caryopsis correctly for in its descent from the parent plant to expedite germination. Caryopses orientated vertically with the awns uppermost exhibited the highest and most rapid germination (67%) compared to caryopses lying horizontally (35%) whilst only 1% of inverted caryopses germinated. Caryopses trapped in litter and effectively held off the soil surface failed to germinate. Removal of the glumes from A junciformis seed greatly enhanced the rate and overall germination of the seed except for inverted seed of which <1% germinated. The highest numbers of A. junciformis seedlings (32 seedlings/m²) were found in those areas with the highest density of caryopses on the soil surface. Despite the large amounts of caryopses produced, dispersed and landing in apparently suitable micro-sites for germination, comparatively few A. junciformis seedlings (n=992) were found and overall germination ranged between 1 % and 4% of the initial caryopses density on the soil surface. Seedling survival through winter was low with only 13% surviving to the following spring. The basal areas of A. junciformis increased overall by 66% whilst that of other grass species increased overall by only 3% in the time monitored. These results suggest that the primary method of encroachment of A. junciformis in the grass sward appears to be through vegetative expansion and not seedling recruitment. Frequent defoliation of the sward and avoidance of overgrazing to enhance the competitive abilities of palatable species and provide as high a fuel load as possible appear to be the most economically and logistically feasible ways to remove or at least inhibit A. junciformis veld encroachment at present

‘One cannot legislate kindness’: ambiguities in European legal instruments on non-custodial sanctions

Non-custodial sanctions, particularly those that are implemented in the community, have different historical roots in common and civil law jurisdictions. Nevertheless, various European instruments seek to shape the imposition and implementation of such sanctions uniformly across the continent. These instruments reflect an apparent consensus about penal values, culminating in 1992 with the adoption of the European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures and of the Recommendation on Consistency in Sentencing. In spite of the apparent pan-European consensus, some tensions remained as a result of underlying doctrinal differences and of the compromises that were required to accommodate them. In the 21st century further European initiatives have sought to go beyond the 1992 instruments and focus on ‘what works’ and on the development of probation services. In the process, the central objective of penal reductionism, so important in 1992, has become somewhat marginalised. This shortcoming can be addressed by reconsidering the approaches that had been rejected in the earlier search for consensus and by developing a more comprehensive understanding of the human rights safeguards to which all penal sanctions should be subject

The Paradox Of Scottish Life Imprisonment

More people are serving life sentences in Scotland as a proportion of the national population than in any other country in Europe. Yet Scotland claims to adopt a welfarist rather than a penal approach to criminal justice. This paper uses a wide range of data to explain the factors underpinning this paradox. It focuses on key aspects of the imposition and implementation of life sentences, providing, for the first time, an analysis that goes behind headline figures. The paper concludes that, notwithstanding the commitment to welfare in penal policy, the high rate of life imprisonment is driven by both increased punitiveness and attempts to reduce the risk that serious crime poses to society. Finally, the paper outlines strategies for reducing the use of life imprisonment, which may be more effective because they pay close attention to the Scottish penal context, but which have relevance for other jurisdictions seeking to reverse penal excess

The impact of covid-19 on prison conditions and penal policy

Divulgação dos SUMÁRIOS das obras recentemente incorporadas ao acervo da Biblioteca Ministro Oscar Saraiva do STJ. Em respeito à Lei de Direitos Autorais, não disponibilizamos a obra na íntegra.Localização na estante: 343.82 I34oCoordenado por: Frieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf e Dirk van Zyl Smi