Transactivation of the neurotrophin receptor trkB by EGF during corticogenesis in mice

Die Rolle der Hirnrinde als Zentrum komplexer Funktionen wie Lernen und Ge-dächtnis wird nicht zuletzt durch deren komplexe, in Schichten organisierte Architek-tur ermöglicht. Von entscheidender Bedeutung ist die präzise Positionierung von Nervenzellen, die im Laufe der Embryonalentwicklung in der Ventrikularzone (VZ) geboren werden und anschließend in radialer Richtung zu ihrem Bestimmungsort wandern. Die Funktion des Neurotrophin-Rezeptors TrkB an der Entwicklung des zerebralen Kortex war Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Am Tag 12,5 der Embryonalentwicklung konnte die Expression von TrkB so-wohl in den Zellen der VZ als auch in neu geborenen Neuronen der Präplatte nach-gewiesen werden. Die Phosphorylierung des Rezeptors erfolgte dabei unabhängig von den beiden Liganden BDNF und NT-3. Ebenso führten BDNF oder NT-3 zu keiner zellulären Antwort in isolierten kortikalen Vorläuferzellen, wohingegen die Stimulation mit EGF eine Phosphorylierung von TrkB an der PLCγ- und der Shc-Bindungsstelle hervorrief. Durch pharmakologische Inhibition und die Überexpression dominant negativer Src-Mutanten konnte die Beteiligung des EGF-Rezeptors und zweier neuronal exprimierter Src-Kinasen, cSrc und Fyn, an dieser Transaktivierung von TrkB durch EGF gezeigt werden. Durch die Zugabe von EGF kam es im Zuge der Aktivierung von TrkB auch zur Umverteilung des Rezeptors von intrazellulären Kompartimenten zur Zellmem-bran. Die Retention des Rezeptors im Zytoplasma wurde über post-translationelle Modifikation reguliert. Die Verhinderung von N-Glykosylierung durch Tunicamycin-Behandlung kortikaler Vorläuferzellen führte zur Exposition von TrkB an der Zellober-fläche und konnte so Responsivität gegenüber BDNF herstellen. Die physiologische Bedeutung einer Transaktivierung von TrkB durch EGF wurde durch das Fehlen der TrkB-Aktivierung in EGFR KO-Mäusen am Embryonal-tag 12,5 gezeigt. Dies hatte eine fehlerhafte Positionierung kortikaler Nervenzellen zum Zeitpunkt E15,5 zur Folge. Anhand eines Migrationsassays konnte schließlich gezeigt werden, dass die EGF-induzierte Wanderung kortikaler Vorläuferzellen in vitro mit einer asymmetrischen Translokation von TrkB einhergeht. Über die Transaktivierung von TrkB in frühen Phasen der Kortexentwicklung spielt EGF eine wichtige Rolle bei der Induktion neuronaler Differenzierung und ist an der Regulation der Wanderung postmitotischer Neurone in der Hirnrinde beteiligt.The complex layered architecture of the cerebral cortex is a prerequisite for its role as the centre of complex cognitive functions like learning and memory. In this respect, the precise positioning of neurons is a crucial event. During embryogenesis, the majority of cortical neurons is born in the ventricular zone of the forebrain, from where postmitotic cells migrate radially to their specific destinations. The role of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB for the development of the cerebral cortex was studied in this thesis. At embryonic day 12.5, the expression of TrkB was confined to the proliferative precursor cells in the ventricular zone as well as in the newborn neurons building up the preplate at the pial surface of the developing cortex. Thereby, the phospho-rylation of the receptor was independent of the ligands BDNF or NT-3. Likewise, the stimulation of isolated cortical precursor cells with BDNF or NT-3 did not lead to any cellular response, whereas cells challenged with EGF showed a robust increase of phospho-rylation at the PLCγ- and Shc-binding sites of TrkB. The contribution of the EGF receptor and the two src family members cSrc and Fyn to this transactivation event could be established via pharmacological inhibition and the overexpression of dominant negative mutants. Upon EGF stimulation, cortical precursor cells did not only show the activation of TrkB but also the translocation of the receptor from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane. The retention of TrkB in the cytoplasm was achieved by post-translational modifications. In this respect, the inhibition of N-glycosylation in cortical precursors by treatment with tunicamycin led to the exposition of TrkB at the cell surface and thereby restored responsiveness to BDNF. The physiological significance of TrkB transactivation by EGF was underlined by the almost complete absence of TrkB phosphorylation in the forebrain of EGF receptor deficient mice at E12.5, leading to the disturbed positioning of cortical neurons at E15.5. Applying the stripe assay, it could be shown, that the migration of cortical precursors in vitro is accompanied with an asymmetric translocation of TrkB. By the transactivation of TrkB, EGF is able to induce neuronal differentiation in early phases of corticogenesis and furthermore takes part in regulating the migration of postmitotic neurons within the cerebral cortex

Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from a 51-year-old female with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) carrying a duplication of SLC2A3

Fibroblasts were isolated from a skin biopsy of a clinically diagnosed 51-year-old female attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patient carrying a duplication of SLC2A3, a gene encoding neuronal glucose transporter-3 (GLUT3). Patient fibroblasts were infected with Sendai virus, a single-stranded RNA virus, to generate transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). SLC2A3-D2-iPSCs showed expression of pluripotency-associated markers, were able to differentiate into cells of the three germ layers in vitro and had a normal female karyotype. This in vitro cellular model can be used to study the role of risk genes in the pathogenesis of ADHD, in a patient-specific manner

Dysregulated IGFBP5 expression causes axon degeneration and motoneuron loss in diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy (DNP), afflicting sensory and motor nerve fibers, is a major complication in diabetes.The underlying cellular mechanisms of axon degeneration are poorly understood. IGFBP5, an inhibitory binding protein for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is highly up-regulated in nerve biopsies of patients with DNP. We investigated the pathogenic relevance of this finding in transgenic mice overexpressing IGFBP5 in motor axons and sensory nerve fibers. These mice develop motor axonopathy and sensory deficits similar to those seen in DNP. Motor axon degeneration was also observed in mice in which the IGF1 receptor(IGF1R) was conditionally depleted in motoneurons, indicating that reduced activity of IGF1 on IGF1R in motoneurons is responsible for the observed effect. These data provide evidence that elevated expression of IGFBP5 in diabetic nerves reduces the availability of IGF1 for IGF1R on motor axons, thus leading to progressive neurodegeneration. Inhibition of IGFBP5 could thus offer novel treatment strategies for DNP

Tumor-derived GDF-15 blocks LFA-1 dependent T cell recruitment and suppresses responses to anti-PD-1 treatment

Abstract Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is beneficial and even curative for some cancer patients. However, the majority don’t respond to immune therapy. Across different tumor types, pre-existing T cell infiltrates predict response to checkpoint-based immunotherapy. Based on in vitro pharmacological studies, mouse models and analyses of human melanoma patients, we show that the cytokine GDF-15 impairs LFA-1/β2-integrin-mediated adhesion of T cells to activated endothelial cells, which is a pre-requisite of T cell extravasation. In melanoma patients, GDF-15 serum levels strongly correlate with failure of PD-1-based immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Neutralization of GDF-15 improves both T cell trafficking and therapy efficiency in murine tumor models. Thus GDF-15, beside its known role in cancer-related anorexia and cachexia, emerges as a regulator of T cell extravasation into the tumor microenvironment, which provides an even stronger rationale for therapeutic anti-GDF-15 antibody development