Distribución de isómeros de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) y ácidos grasos en las fracciones neutra y polar de la leche de vacas alimentadas con diferentes suplementos lipídicos

ABSTRACT: milk fatty acid composition has become very important for consumers due to the positive relationship that has been found between some fatty acids and human health. In recent years, content and fatty acid composition in the different fractions of milk lipids has also become important due to reported potential technological and sensory implications. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with several lipid supplements on the proportion of neutral (triglycerides) and polar lipids (phospholipids) of milk fat, alterations of the fatty acid composition and Conjugated Linolenic Acid isomers (CLA) of total milk lipids. Methods: 18 first lactation German Holstein cows were assigned to three dietary treatments for 10 weeks as follows: Rumen-stable fractionated palm fat, linseed oil plus algae, and sunflower oil plus algae. Results: dietary polyunsaturated fat supplements increased the proportion of phospholipids and decreased triglycerides in milk fat compared to Rumen-stable fractionated palm fat. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were preferentially deposited into phospholipids. Diet effect was more pronounced in triglycerides than in phospholipids. Plant oil/algae supplemented diets induced lower proportions of total saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of total unsaturated fatty acids in triglycerides. Conclusions: linseed oil plus algae feeding generated the best results in reference to fatty acids related to human health. Sunflower oil plus algae caused accumulation of CLAtrans-10,cis-12, CLAtrans-7,cis-9, CLAtrans-7,trans-9 and CLAtrans-10,trans-12 and decrease of CLAtrans-9,trans-11 in total milk fat, whereas linseed oil plus algae increased CLAtrans-12,trans-14, CLAtrans-11,trans-13, and CLAtrans-11,cis-13 deposition compared to rumen-stable fractionated palm fat.RESUMEN: la composición de ácidos grasos de la leche ha tomado gran importancia para los consumidores a causa de la relación positiva que se ha encontrado entre algunos ácidos grasos y la salud humana. En los últimos años, el contenido y composición de ácidos grasos en las diferentes fracciones de los lípidos de la leche también ha tomado importancia debido a las posibles implicaciones tecnológicas y sensoriales que se han reportado. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la proporción de lípidos neutros (triglicéridos) y lípidos polares (fosfolípidos) y alteraciones de la composición de ácidos grasos e isómeros del Ácido Linoléico Conjugado (CLA) del total de lípidos de la leche como resultado de la suplementación dietaria con diferentes suplementos lipídicos. Métodos: 18 vacas Holstein Alemán de primera lactancia fueron asignadas a tres tratamientos dietarios durante 10 semanas, así: grasa de palma fraccionada y estable al rumen, aceite de lino más alga, y aceite de girasol más alga. Resultados: la suplementación con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados incrementó la proporción de fosfolípidos y disminuyó la de triglicéridos en la grasa de la leche comparado con grasa de palma fraccionada y estable al rumen. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga fueron preferencialmente depositados en los fosfolípidos. El efecto de la dieta fue más pronunciado en los triglicéridos que en los fosfolípidos. Las dietas suplementadas con aceite vegetal y alga indujeron a menores proporciones de ácidos grasos saturados y mayores proporciones de ácidos grasos insaturados en los triglicéridos. Conclusiones: la suplementación con aceite de lino más alga generó los mejores resultados respecto a la composición de ácidos grasos relacionados con la salud humana. El aceite de girasol más alga causó una acumulación de isomeros CLAtrans-10,cis-12, CLAtrans-7,cis-9, CLAtrans- 7,trans-9 y CLAtrans-10,trans-12 y disminuyó CLAtrans-9,trans-11 en la grasa total de la leche mientras que el aceite de lino más alga incrementó CLAtrans-12,trans-14, CLAtrans-11,trans-13, y CLAtrans-11,cis-13 comparado con la grasa de palma fraccionada y estable al rumen

Metabolic responses to high-fat diets rich in n-3 or n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice selected for either high body weight or leanness explain different health outcomes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Increasing evidence suggests that diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) confer health benefits by improving insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The present study investigates metabolic responses in two different lines of mice either selected for high body weight (DU6) leading to rapid obesity development, or selected for high treadmill performance (DUhTP) leading to a lean phenotype. At 29 days of age the mice were fed standard chow (7.2% fat, 25.7% protein), or a high-fat diet rich in <it>n</it>-3 PUFA (n-3 HFD, 27.7% fat, 19% protein) or a high-fat diet rich in <it>n</it>-6 PUFA (n-6 HFD, 27.7% fat, 18.6% protein) for 8 weeks. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of these PUFA-rich high-fat diets on the fatty acid profile and on the protein expression of key components of insulin signalling pathways.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin were higher in DU6 in comparison with DUhTP mice. The high-fat diets stimulated a strong increase in leptin levels and body fat only in DU6 mice. Muscle and liver fatty acid composition were clearly changed by dietary lipid composition. In both lines of mice n-3 HFD feeding significantly reduced the hepatic insulin receptor β protein concentration which may explain decreased insulin action in liver. In contrast, protein kinase C ζ expression increased strongly in abdominal fat of n-3 HFD fed DUhTP mice, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A diet high in <it>n</it>-3 PUFA may facilitate a shift from fuel deposition in liver to fuel storage as fat in adipose tissue in mice. Tissue specific changes in insulin sensitivity may describe, at least in part, the health improving properties of dietary <it>n</it>-3 PUFA. However, important genotype-diet interactions may explain why such diets have little effect in some population groups.</p

On the relevance of technical variation due to building pools in microarray experiments

Background Pooled samples are frequently used in experiments measuring gene expression. In this method, RNA from different individuals sharing the same experimental conditions and explanatory variables is blended and their concentrations are jointly measured. As a matter of principle, individuals are represented in equal shares in each pool. However, some degree of disproportionality may arise from the limits of technical precision. As a consequence a special kind of technical error occurs, which can be modelled by a respective variance component. Previously published theory - allowing for variable pool sizes - has been applied to four microarray gene expression data sets from different species in order to assess the practical relevance of this type of technical error in terms of significance and size of this variance component. Results The number of transcripts with a significant variance component due to imperfect blending was found to be 4329 (23 %) in mouse data and 7093 (49 %) in honey bees, but only 6 in rats and none whatsoever in human data. These results correspond to a false discovery rate of 5 % in each data set. The number of transcripts found to be differentially expressed between treatments was always higher when the blending error variance was neglected. Simulations clearly indicated overly-optimistic (anti-conservative) test results in terms of false discovery rates whenever this source of variability was not represented in the model. Conclusions Imperfect equality of shares when blending RNA from different individuals into joint pools of variable size is a source of technical variation with relevance for experimental design, practice at the laboratory bench and data analysis. Its potentially adverse effects, incorrect identification of differentially expressed transcripts and overly-optimistic significance tests, can be fully avoided, however, by the sound application of recently established theory and models for data analysis

Depth and Age in the South Atlantic (Paleoceanographic Mapping Project Progress Report No. 40-0888)

A significant flattening of the relation between depths and age of ocean floor older than 80 Ma can be explained by assuming that the oceanic lithosphere acts as a thermal boundary layer on top of a viscous upper mantle. In the past, uncertainties of age, of sediment thickness and of bathymetry limited the predictions about this relationship. In this study, recent data from the South Atlantic have been averaged into half by half degree elements, so that the relationship between depth and age can be studied in detail. We constructed a high resolution isochron chart for the South Atlantic using the latest available compilation of magnetic anomaly data and satellite altimetry data. The most recent sediment thickness map is used to correct bathymetry for sediment loading in order to obtain the accurate depth to basement We have plotted the corrected basement depth versus age for the entire South Atlantic as well as for distinct areas. The depth/age relationship is presented as contours about the mode enclosing approximately two thirds of the data. In the South Atlantic, the ocean floor subsides with the square root of age on crust younger than 80 Ma. Beyond 80 Ma depths flatten significantly with age. Moreover, a change of the depth/age relationship for opposite flanks as well as with latitude is obvious, which might be related to small scale convection in the upper mantle.UT Institute for Geophysics Paleoceanographic Mapping Project (POMP)Institute for Geophysic

Different Dietary Protein and PUFA Interventions Alter the Fatty Acid Concentrations, but Not the Meat Quality, of Porcine Muscle

The present study investigated the effect of a reduced protein diet in combination with different vegetable oils (sunflower seed oil or linseed oil) on carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profile in porcine muscle. Forty male Landrace pigs were allocated into four experimental groups (each n = 8) and one control group (n = 8) at a live weight of approximately 60 kg. The pigs were fed ad libitum from 60 kg to 100 kg live weight and restricted to 2.8 kg/day until they reached 120 kg. In contrast to other studies, the intramuscular fat content (IMF) did not increase in animals of groups fed a reduced protein diet and vegetable oils. The IMF ranged between 1.2% and 1.4%. The growth performance and meat quality of the longissimus muscle was not affected by the diet, but the average daily gain (ADG) and drip loss were affected. The muscle fatty acid concentrations were significantly affected by the diet, resulting in higher n-3 FA concentrations up to 113 mg/100 g muscle and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for pigs fed linseed oil-containing high- and reduced protein diets, compared to sunflower seed oil-containing diets

Dietary PUFA Intervention Affects Fatty Acid- and Micronutrient Profiles of Beef and Related Beef Products

The study investigated the dietary impact of 18:3n-3 vs. 18:2n-6 on fatty acid- and micronutrient concentration of beef muscle and the extent of diet- and processing-induced changes of lipid- and micronutrient concentrations of beef products made thereof (German Corned beef (GCB), tea sausage spread (TSS), scalded sausage (SS)). Beef and beef products were obtained from German Holstein bulls which either received a control diet consisting of maize silage and concentrate with soybean meal (41%), or an experimental diet of grass silage and concentrate plus rapeseed cake (12%) and linseed oil (3%). The study revealed that upon an 18:3n-3 vs. 18:2n-6 intervention the amounts of 18:3n-3, EPA and Σn-3 LC-PUFA were significantly increased by 2.6, 2.3 and 1.7 fold, respectively. Experimental diet significantly increased β-carotene contents, and the γ-tocopherol contents were decreased. During beef processing, n-3 PUFA from beef were found to be product-specifically transferred into the corresponding beef products. 18:3n-3 and Σn-3 LC-PUFA contents were found to be 1.4 and 1.5 times higher in GCB from grass silage- than maize silage-fed bulls. The trace element contents in GCB (iron, copper, zinc, selenium) were not affected by the diet; however γ-tocopherol contents were decreased by experimental diet. In conclusion, dietary n-3 PUFA were completely transferred into beef products unaffected by beef processing conditions