Intervenção da fisioterapia na esclerose múltipla: uma revisão da literatura

Mestrado em FisioterapiaA esclerose múltipla é uma doença do sistema nervoso central, que afeta mais frequentemente mulheres jovens. A esclerose múltipla é uma doença progressiva e imprevisível, resultando em alguns casos de incapacidades e limitações a nível físico, psicológico e social. Objetivo: Revisão da literatura na busca de evidência da efetividade da fisioterapia na Intervenção da Esclerose Múltipla. Método: As pesquisas foram feitas nas bases de dado SciELO, RCAAP, PubMed e B-ON, selecionados artigos com idioma Inglês e Português, publicados entre os anos de 2003 a 2013. Na SciELO foi utilizada as seguintes palavras-chave: Esclerose Múltipla e Fisioterapia na Esclerose Múltipla tendo como resultado 16 artigos. No RCAAP fisioterapia na esclerose múltipla, fisioterapia e intervenção da fisioterapia na esclerose múltipla tendo como resultados 12 artigos. Na B-ON intervention of physical therapy in multiple sclerose e exercise in multiple sclerosis tendo como resultado 17 artigos e na PubMed foram utilizadas as mesmas da B-ON, tendo como resultados 13. Resultados: Após a seleção dos artigos, utilizou-se os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Tivemos como amostra final 26 artigos ou seja 32 foram excluídos e 26 incluídos. Discussão: A intervenção da fisioterapia é importante para uma administração bem-sucedida das limitações funcionais, incapacidades e melhorias sobre a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com esclerose múltipla. Os pacientes devem incidir precocemente numa intervenção de neurofacilitação e nos casos de EDSS menor que 7 e estáveis deverão realizar exercício. O número de séries de exercícios deverá iniciar com 1-3 séries, aumentando progressivamente para 3-4 séries. O descanso entre as séries de exercícios deverá ser de 2–4 minutos. Alguns autores aconselham a combinação de treino aeróbico e de força. Com 3 sessões/semana de treino de força e 1 sessão de exercício aeróbio. Conclusão: Através da leitura dos resultados podemos verificar que a fisioterapia tem um papel fundamental na reabilitação e prevenção do indivíduo com esclerose múltipla.ABSTRACT - Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system that affects more frequently young women. It is a progressive and unpredictable disease, resulting in some cases of disabilities and limitations to physical, psychological and social level. Purpose: To review the literature searching for evidence of the effectiveness of physiotherapy intervention in Multiple Sclerosis. Methodology: The research was performed in the databases SciELO, RCAAP, PubMed and B-ON, where articles in english and portuguese idioms published from 2003 to 2013 were selected. In the SciELO database were used the following keywords: multiple sclerosis and Physioterapy in multiple sclerosis, having as result 16 articles. The keywords in the RCAAP database were Physioterapy in multiple sclerosis, Physioterapy and intervention of Physioterapy in multiple sclerosis, having as result 12 articles. In B-ON databases the keywords were intervention of physical therapy in multiple sclerose and exercise in multiple sclerosis, having as result 17 articles and in the database PubMed were used the same keyword of B-ON, having as result 13 articles. Results: After selecting the items, using the criteria for inclusion and exclusion as a final sample we have come to 26, been 32 articles excluded and 26 included. Discussion: The physiotherapy intervention is important for a successful management of functional limitations, disabilities, and to improve the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis. Patients should be submitted to early intervention of neurofacilitation and in cases of EDSS less than 7 with stability they should perform the exercise. The number of series of exercises should start with 1-3 series, progressively increasing to 3-4 series. The resting between series of exercises should be 2-4 minutes. Some authors advise the combination of aerobic and strength training with 3 sessions / week of strength training and 1 session of aerobic exercise. Conclusion: Through the reading of the results we can see that physical therapy plays a key role in the prevention and rehabilitation of individuals with multiple sclerosis

COLOSS B-RAP expert evaluation of beekeeping advice from ChatGPT, part 2

The artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot or advanced language model (LLM) ChatGPT is capable of understanding and generating human-like text. This article is a sequel to our first article on this topic, in which we imagined an AI tool that would serve as a beekeeping advisory tool in the future after having been trained with information stemming from high quality public domain resources on beekeeping and bee diseases (Morawetz et al., Citation2024). In that article, we presented the first part of the COLOSS B-RAP AI challenge, in which we asked ChatGPT-3.5 for advice regarding the serious honey bee disease American Foulbrood, which is a notifiable disease in many countries. We concluded that the tested AI chatbot version is a good teacher for basic or general beekeeping knowledge. It summarizes common knowledge about bee diseases at a level of detail that can be found in general beekeeping textbooks or in a beginners’ course in beekeeping. As a summarization tool, it was, for example, used to write the recently published book on bee diseases by Walker (Citation2024) to provide a comprehensive and structured overview of the topic. Nonetheless, it was concluded by the expert panel that advice from ChatGPT should be avoided for critical situations needing immediate action by the beekeeper, such as notifiable or severe diseases (Morawetz et al., Citation2024). Worryingly, part of the advice given was identified as misleading, wrong, or of limited usefulness in the given context and may easily lead to the spread of notifiable diseases and to severe consequences for the beekeeper and the beekeeping neighbors

The sound field generated by tethered stingless bees (Melipona scutellaris): inferences on its potential as a recruitment mechanism inside the hive

In stingless bees, recruitment of hive bees to food sources involves thoracic vibrations by foragers during trophallaxis. The temporal pattern of these vibrations correlates with the sugar concentration of the collected food. One possible pathway for transfering such information to nestmates is through airborne sound. In the present study, we investigated the transformation of thoracic vibrations into air particle velocity, sound pressure, and jet airflows in the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. Whereas particle velocity and sound pressure were found all around and above vibrating individuals, there was no evidence for a jet airflow as with honey bees. The largest particle velocities were measured 5 mm above the wings (16.0 +/- 4.8 mm s(-1)). Around a vibrating individual, we found maximum particle velocities of 8.6 +/- 3.0 mm s(-1) (horizontal particle velocity) in front of the bee`s head and of 6.0 +/- 2.1 mm s(-1) (vertical particle velocity) behind its wings. Wing oscillations, which are mainly responsible for air particle movements in honey bees, significantly contributed to vertically oriented particle oscillations only close to the abdomen in M. scutellaris(distances <= 5 mm). Almost 80% of the hive bees attending trophallactic food transfers stayed within a range of 5 mm from the vibrating foragers. It remains to be shown, however, whether air particle velocity alone is strong enough to be detected by Johnston`s organ of the bee antenna. Taking the physiological properties of the honey bee`s Johnston`s organ as the reference, M. scutellaris hive bees are able to detect the forager vibrations through particle movements at distances of up to 2 cm

Pheromone paths attached to the substrate in meliponine bees: helpful but not obligatory for recruitment success

In contrast to marking of the location of resources or sexual partners using single-spot pheromone sources, pheromone paths attached to the substrate and assisting orientation are rarely found among flying organisms. However, they do exist in meliponine bees (Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini), commonly known as stingless bees, which represent a group of important pollinators in tropical forests. Worker bees of several Neotropical meliponine species, especially in the genus Scaptotrigona Moure 1942, deposit pheromone paths on substrates between highly profitable resources and their nest. In contrast to past results and claims, we find that these pheromone paths are not an indispensable condition for successful recruitment but rather a means to increase the success of recruiters in persuading their nestmates to forage food at a particular location. Our results are relevant to a speciation theory in scent path-laying meliponine bees, such as Scaptotrigona. In addition, the finding that pheromone path-laying bees are able to recruit to food locations even across barriers such as large bodies of water affects tropical pollination ecology and theories on the evolution of resource communication in insect societies with a flying worker caste.Austrian Science Fund FWF[P17530

Thoracic vibrations in stingless bees (Melipona seminigra): resonances of the thorax influence vibrations associated with flight but not those associated with sound production

Bees generate thoracic vibrations with their indirect flight muscles in various behavioural contexts. The main frequency component of non-flight vibrations, during which the wings are usually folded over the abdomen, is higher than that of thoracic vibrations that drive the wing movements for flight. So far, this has been concluded from an increase in natural frequency of the oscillating system in association with the wing adduction. In the present study, we measured the thoracic oscillations in stingless bees during stationary flight and during two types of non-flight behaviour, annoyance buzzing and forager communication, using laser vibrometry. As expected, the flight vibrations met all tested assumptions for resonant oscillations: slow build-up and decay of amplitude; increased frequency following reduction of the inertial load; and decreased frequency following an increase of the mass of the oscillating system. Resonances, however, do not play a significant role in the generation of non-flight vibrations. The strong decrease in main frequency at the end of the pulses indicates that these were driven at a frequency higher than the natural frequency of the system. Despite significant differences regarding the main frequency components and their oscillation amplitudes, the mechanism of generation is apparently similar in annoyance buzzing and forager vibrations. Both types of non-flight vibration induced oscillations of the wings and the legs in a similar way. Since these body parts transform thoracic oscillations into airborne sounds and substrate vibrations, annoyance buzzing can also be used to study mechanisms of signal generation and transmission potentially relevant in forager communication under controlled conditions

Mandibular gland secretions of meliponine worker bees: further evidence for their role in interspecific and intraspecific defence and aggression and against their role in food source signalling

Like ants and termites some species of stingless bees (Meliponini), which are very important pollinators in the tropics, use pheromone trails to communicate the location of a food source. We present data on the communicative role of mandibular gland secretions of Meliponini that resolve a recent controversy about their importance in the laying of such trails. Volatile constituents of the mandibular glands have been erroneously thought both to elicit aggressive/defensive behaviour and to signal food source location. We studied Trigona spinipes and Scaptotrigona aff. depilis (`postica`), two sympatric species to which this hypothesis was applied. Using extracts of carefully dissected glands instead of crude cephalic extracts we analysed the substances contained in the mandibular glands of worker bees. Major components of the extracts were 2-heptanol (both species), nonanal (T. spinipes), benzaldehyde and 2-tridecanone (S. aff. depilis). The effect of mandibular gland extracts and of individual components thereof on the behaviour of worker bees near their nest and at highly profitable food sources was consistent. Independent of the amount of mandibular gland extract applied, the bees overwhelmingly reacted with defensive behaviour and were never attracted to feeders scented with mandibular gland extract or any of the synthetic chemicals tested. Both bee species are capable of using mandibular gland secretions for intra-and interspecific communication of defence and aggression and share 2-heptanol as a major pheromone compound. While confirming the role of the mandibular glands in nest defence, our experiments provide strong evidence against their role in food source signalling.Austrian Science Fund FWF[P17530

False positives from impurities result in incorrect functional characterization of receptors in chemosensory studies

The discovery of chemoreceptors and technological advances have greatly increased our understanding of chemosensory mechanisms. However, some of this rapid progress may have been severely compromised by insufficient attention given to the possible effects of impurities in the chemical standards used in identifying ligands for target receptors. Here, we show that even trace amounts of impurities in test stimuli can completely obscure true ligand-receptor relationships. Responses to impurities may go unrecognized because of two main factors. First, the sensitivity of receptors to ligands may be greater than that of the instruments used to check sample purity. Second, the concentrations of impurities actually reaching the chemoreceptor during experiments may be orders of magnitude higher than that of the putative stimulus, due to large differences in vapour pressure between the impurities and the putative stimulus. Errors caused by impurities are not limited to receptor-ligand studies, but can also affect related areas of chemosensory research, such as neural processing, downstream behaviours, and “in-silico” bioinformatics predictions of response profiles. The purity of standards is always implied but must be checked rigorously to prevent skewed or invalid results or conclusions, such as we exemplify here for Drosophila melanogaster and its olfactory receptor DmOr7a

Combining Attractants and Larvicides in Biodegradable Matrices for Sustainable Mosquito Vector Control - Fig 6

<p><b>Proportion of Cx. quinquefasciatus egg rafts laid in mosquito spheres either receiving SPLATbac larvicidal treatment (A) with or without the oviposition pheromone AHD in half of the 32 oviposition bowls containing natural oviposition site material.</b> The remaining half of the bowls in each treatment contained SPLATblank as a control. (B, C). The frequency distribution of the number of egg rafts per bowl in mosquito spheres receiving either SPLATbacAHD treatment (red, B) or SPLATbac treatment (red, C) as compared to the frequency distribution of the controls (SPLATblank; grey in both B and C) (N = 6 different days x 150 to 300 gravid females).</p

Adult emergence from A) early instars and B) late instars (Cx. quinquefasciatus) added to different SPLATbac dilutions (control, c = SPLATblank).

<p>The arithmetic mean plus SD are shown for each concentration.</p