Recreational boating site choice and the impact of water quality

This paper examines whether water quality has an effect on recreational boating activity. The analysis is based on survey data collected by face-to-face interviews with recreational visitors to 10 waterway sites across Ireland. We model the respondent's choice decision to travel to a specific site for the purposes of beginning their recreational boating activity. Water quality data is from European Union Water Framework Directive monitoring stations. Across recreational sites, which have generally high water quality levels within our sample, we find that boaters favour sites with better water quality; as indicated by biological oxygen demand and phosphates metrics. We also find that for each additional 10 km distance from respondents' homes the probability that a site is visited declines by up to 10%. Preferences for other site attributes, such as boat slipways, parking and toilet facilities, were counter to expectation but reflects the fact that all boat users do not necessarily access or need all facilities provided

From risk assessment to regulation

Pesticides are among the most heavily regulated chemicals, not unlike pharmaceuticals. Human health risks from exposure to pesticides are assessed by integrating information on the hazardous characteristics of the pesticide, usually gained from experimental studies, with data on human exposure. This process allows the setting of health-based guidance values for pesticide operators, bystanders, residents, and consumers who may be exposed through residues in the diet. Pesticide regulation is currently undergoing a paradigm shift with a move away from traditional toxicity assessment of individual substances in experimental animals toward integration of novel assessment methods which allow mechanism-based assessment of multiple exposures