Les pointes-ondes continues du sommeil: Aspects electro-encephalographiques au service de neurologie du Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann de Dakar

Introduction: Les pointes-ondes continues du sommeil, constituent une entité électroencéphalographique peu fréquente, mais au pronostic  neuropsychologique potentiellement péjoratif.Objectif: L‘objectif de ce travail était de déterminer les aspects électroencéphalographiques chez des patients présentant des pointes-ondes continues du sommeil.Patients Et Methode: Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective descriptive sur 2 ans à la Clinique  Neurologique du Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann à Dakar, portant sur des dossiers  électroencéphalographiques d‘enfants présentant des pointes-ondes continues du sommeil. Les données  personnelles, les caractéristiques de l‘activité électroencéphalographique de veille et de sommeil ont été recueillies.Resultats: Soixante-trois dossiers ont été colligés, soit une fréquence de 1,02% de la population globale et de 2,60% de la population d‘enfants. Le sex-ratio était de 1,42, l‘âge moyen de 6,65 +/- 2,63 ans. Les indications prédominantes étaient les crises généralisées tonico-cloniques et les crises focales motrices. Presque tous (96,97%) les enregistrements de veille comportaient des anomalies paroxystiques, à prédominance hémisphérique gauche le plus souvent et dans les régions péri-sylviennes. Environ 2 enfants sur 3 (63,49%) avaient des altérations des figures physiologiques du sommeil. Les pointes-ondes prédominaient au stade II du sommeil, légèrement dans l‘hémisphère gauche, plus fréquemment dans les régions péri-sylviennes. Le schéma de pointes-ondes continues du sommeil antérieures prédominait. L‘index de pointes-ondes variait entre 50 et 100%.Conclusion: Le diagnostic des pointes-ondes continues du sommeil doit être précoce. La précision des caractéristiques topographiques permet le diagnostic de déficits cognitifs latents, d‘où l‘intérêt des études de corrélation clinicoélectrique.   English Title: Continuous spike-waves during slow sleep: electroencephalographic aspects in the neurological department of Fann National University Hospital of Daka

Profil epidemiologique de l’epilepsie chez des patients atteints de troubles du spectre de l’autisme: Etude de 45 cas a Dakar (Senegal)

Description: Troubles du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) et épilepsie peuvent coexister chez une même personne constituant des facteurs de mauvais pronostic bilatéraux. Objectif:  Décrire les éléments sociodémographiques de patients atteints de TSA et étudier les aspects clinico-paracliniques et évolutifs des épilepsies chez ces patients. Patients et Méthodes:  Etude transversale et descriptive au service pédopsychiatrique du CHNU Fann, avec analyse des dossiers, via un questionnaire standardisé, de tous les patients suivis entre Janvier 2004 et Septembre 2018 pour TSA avec ou sans épilepsie. Résultats:  Quarante-cinq patients avec TSA colligés, avec une fréquence de l’épilepsie de 37,8%. L’épilepsie avait débuté avant l’âge de 5 ans dans 94% des cas. Les crises étaient généralisées (58,8%), essentiellement motrices tonico-cloniques (80%), ou focales (35,3%), avec une fréquence de 2 crises/jour à 1 crise/semaine. L’EEG de veille et sommeil montrait des anomalies majoritairement frontales dans 60%, et centro-pariétales dans 26,6% des cas. L’imagerie cérébrale était normale dans 93,9% des cas, et les potentiels évoqués auditifs (PEA) normaux dans 87,2% des cas. La prise en charge était multidisciplinaire pour les TSA (neuropsychologique, psychomotrice, orthophonique) et médicale, essentiellement (82,4%) en monothérapie pour l’épilepsie. Les médicaments antiépileptiques utilisés étaient le valproate de sodium (58,8%) et le phénobarbital (17,6). Le niveau d’instruction était bas avec 40% de non-scolarisés et 55,6% au primaire. Seuls 6,7% étaient autonomes et 20 patients nécessitaient une aide quasi-constante. Conclusion: La prévalence de l’épilepsie chez les patients atteints de TSA varie suivant les études. Une prise en charge globale et multidisciplinaire de l’épilepsie et des TSA améliore les troubles de comportement.   English Title: Epidemiologic profile of epilepsy in patients with autism spectrum disorders: study of 45 cases in Dakar (Senegal) Description: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy can coexist in the same person, which are factors of bilateral poor prognosis. Purpose: To describe the socio-demographic profile of ASD patients and to study the clinical, paraclinical and evolutive aspects of epilepsy among them. Patients and methods: We did a cross-sectional and descriptive study in the department of child psychiatry of Fann university hospital in Dakar. We analyzed patients’ files followed between January 2004 and September 2018 for autism’s spectrum disorders with or without epilepsy. We used a standardized survey with several items. Results: Forty-five patients with ASD were collected, with an epileptic frequency of 37.8%. Epilepsy had started before the age of 5 years in 94% of cases. Seizures were generalized (58.8%), mainly tonico-clonic (80%), or focal (35.3%), with a frequency of 2 seizures per day to 1 seizure per week. The awake and sleep EEG showed abnormalities mostly in frontal area in 60%, and centro-parietal in 26.6%. Brain imaging was normal in 93.9%, and auditory evoked potential (AEP) normal in 87.2%. Management was multidisciplinary for ASD (neuropsychological, psychomotor, speech therapy) and medical, mainly (82.4%) monotherapy for epilepsy. The main molecules were: sodium valproate (58.8%) and phenobarbital (17.6). The level of education was low with 40% of students out of school and 55.6% in primary school. Only 6.7% were self-reliant and 20 patients needed almost constant assistance. Conclusion: The prevalence of epilepsy in patients with ASD varies according to the studies. The global and multidisciplinary management of epilepsy and ASD improves behavioral disorders

In vitro vasorelaxation mechanisms of bioactive compounds extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa on rat thoracic aorta

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In this study, we suggested characterizing the vasodilator effects and the phytochemical characteristics of a plant with food usage also used in traditional treatment of arterial high blood pressure in Senegal.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Vascular effects of crude extract of dried and powdered calyces of <it>Hibiscus sabdariffa </it>were evaluated on isolated thoracic aorta of male Wistar rats on organ chambers. The crude extract was also enriched by liquid-liquid extraction. The various cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol extracts obtained as well as the residual marc were subjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The different methanolic eluate fractions were then analyzed by Thin Layer (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and their vascular effects also evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The H. Sabdariffa crude extract induced mainly endothelium-dependent relaxant effects. The endothelium-dependent relaxations result from NOS activation and those who not dependent to endothelium from activation of smooth muscle potassium channels. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids in the ethyl acetate extract and anthocyans in the butanolic extract. The biological efficiency of the various studied extracts, in term of vasorelaxant capacity, showed that: Butanol extract > Crude extract > Residual marc > Ethyl acetate extract. These results suggest that the strong activity of the butanolic extract is essentially due to the presence of anthocyans found in its fractions 43-67.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results demonstrate the vasodilator potential of <it>hibiscus sabdariffa </it>and contribute to his valuation as therapeutic alternative.</p

Etude physico-chimique et minéralogique comparative des attapulgites de Mbodiène (Sénégal) et de Mormoiron (France)

La valorisation des ressources locales constitue un impératif afin d’atteindre des objectifs de développement durable. Cette étude a consisté à évaluer les caractéristiques physiques, chimiques et minéralogiques d’une argile provenant de Mbodiène (Sénégal), l’attapulgite, comparativement avec un médicament antidiarrhéique, constitué d’attapulgite, dénommé Actapulgite®. L’échantillon d’attapulgite brute a été purifié avec une solution de HNO3 1M. Une étude morphologique effectuée par visualisation à la Microscopie Electronique à Balayage a montré pour les deux argiles étudiées, une structure fibreuse caractéristique de la palygorskite, représentant le minéral dominant. L’analyse chimique par la spectrométrie à fluorescence X a donné pour l’attapulgite purifiée : 65,69% Si, 7,89% Al, 5,92% Fe, 17,90% Mg, 0,43% Ca et 0,93% K contre respectivement 63,98 % Si, 12,92% Al, 10,32% Fe, 6,20% Mg, 2,48% Ca et 2,25% K pour l’Actapulgite®. La diffraction aux rayons X a montré une présence de palygorskite, quartz et carbonates dans les échantillons étudiés. L’étude des isothermes d’adsorption a montré une surface spécifique nettement plus élevée pour l’attapulgite purifiée, 138,96 m2.g-1 contre 98,72 m2.g-1 pour l’Actapulgite®. Ces résultats ont montré que l’attapulgite de Mbodiène pourrait être utilisée comme antidiarrhéique orale après lavage à l’eau et séchage.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reservedMots clés: Argile, attapulgite, antidiarrhéique, SénégalEnglish Title: Physico-chemical and mineralogical comparative study of attapulgites Mbodiène (Senegal) and Mormoiron (France)English AbstractThe development of local resources is imperative to achieve sustainable development goals. This study was to assess physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of a clay from Mbodiène (Senegal), named attapulgite, compared with Actapulgite® (antidiarrheal drug), composed of attapulgite. A sample of attapulgite from Mbodiène was purified with a 1M HNO3 solution to remove impurities including carbonates. A morphological study using Scanning Electron Microscopy showed for both types of clay studied, a fibrous structure characteristic of palygorskite which represent major mineral. Chemical analysis by XRF spectrometry gave for purified attapulgite: 65.69% Si, 7.89% Al, 5.92% Fe, 17.90% Mg, 0.43% Ca and 0.93% K against respectively 63.98% Si, 12.92% Al, 10.32% Fe, 6.20% Mg, 2.48% Ca and 2.25% K for Actapulgite®. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of palygorskite, quartz and carbonates for both samples studied. The study of adsorption isotherms showed a significantly higher surface area for purified attapulgite, 138.96 m2.g-1 versus 98.72 m2.g-1 for Actapulgite®. These results have shown that Mbodiène attapulgite compared to Actapulgite®, could be used as an oral antidiarrheal after washing with water and drying.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Clay, attapulgite, antidiarrheal, Senega

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

37-39Modeling and Simulation of Antireflecting Layers, Influencing Parameters on the Reflexion and Transmission on the Silicon Solar Cells

Abstract In our work we focus on the study and implementation of thin films for their different photovoltaic applications. These materials have interesting optical and dielectric properties, they are used as anti-reflection layer. In the same logic, we focus on the theoretical study of antireflective layers (SARC, DARC, MARC). These studies have led us to conclude that there are more of antireflective layers, the greater the efficiency of the solar cell increases. But also thicknesses and refraction indices play an important role in the good performance of the solar cell

Sturge Weber syndrome, when brain CT is enough for diagnosis: about a case

One of the main manifestations of Sturge Weber syndrome is seizures. We report the case of a child received in the context of generalized seizures and in whom a cerebral contrast CT was sufficient to make the diagnosis of Sturge Weber syndrome

Autisme et aspects electroencephalographiques au service de neurologie du centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann De Dakar

Introduction:&nbsp; L’autisme se caractérise par des altérations des interactions sociales, de la communication et des comportements. De nombreuses pathologies lui sont associées dont l’épilepsie, et des anomalies épileptiques sont observées sur l’électroencéphalogramme des sujets autistes. Objectif:&nbsp; L’objectif de ce travail était de décrire les aspects électroencéphalographiques retrouvés chez des enfants autistes sans épilepsie connue. Methode:&nbsp; Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective, transversale, et descriptive de Janvier 2015 à Octobre 2018, au service de neurologie du Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann. Nous avons recueilli les données de tous les enregistrements EEG réalisés dont l’indication était l’autisme. Resultats Notre étude a porté sur 20 patients atteints d’autisme avec une sex-ratio de 1,85. L’âge moyen était de 4,5 ans ± 2,2. Un EEG de veille et de sommeil a été réalisé chez 90% des patients et 10% ont bénéficié uniquement d’un EEG de veille. La moitié des patients présentait des anomalies sur leur enregistrement EEG, constituées soit de pointes soit de pointes-ondes, dont la distribution était le plus souvent bilatérale asymétrique, avec une prédominance droite et dans les régions fronto-temporales. Conclusion: Les relations entre autisme et épilepsie sont complexes. De nombreux patients autistes présentent sur leur enregistrement EEG des anomalies de type épileptique. Il convient donc de leur réaliser un EEG du fait de la possibilité d’échanges de mauvais procédés entre les deux. &nbsp; English title: Autism and electroencephalographic aspects in the neurological department of Fann National University Hospital of Dakar Introduction:&nbsp; Autism is characterized by social interactions, communication and behavioural disorders. It is associated to many diseases, like epilepsy, and epileptic anomalies are found on autistic patients electroencephalogramm. Objective:&nbsp; Our aim was to describe electroencephalographic aspects of autistic children without any known history of epilepsy. Methods:&nbsp; We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectionnal and descriptive study from January 2015 to October 2018, in the neurological department of Fann National University Hospital. We collected data from all electroencephalograpic exams performed for autism. Results The study involved 20 autistic patients with a sex-ratio of 1,85 and a mean age of 4,5 years ± 2,2. An awake and sleep&nbsp; electroencephalogram was performed for 90% of patients, and 10% benefited only from awake electroencephalogram. Half of the patients had anomalies on their recording, consisting of spikes and spikes and waves, most of the time with a bilateral and asymetrical distribution, predominating in the right hemisphere especially in the fronto-temporal regions. Conclusion:&nbsp; The relationship between autism and epilepsy is complex. Many autistic patients have epileptic anomalies on their&nbsp; electroencephalogram recording. It is therefore necessary to perform such an exam for them, du to the possibility of bad interactions between the two diseases. &nbsp

Oesophageal atresia: Diagnosis and prognosis in Dakar, Senegal

Background: Oesophageal atresia is a neonatal emergency surgery whose prognosis has improved significantly in industrialised countries in recent decades. In sub-Saharan Africa, this malformation is still responsible for a high morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to analyse the diagnostic difficulties and its impact on the prognosis of this malformation in our work environment. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study over 4 years on 49 patients diagnosed with esophageal atresia in the 2 Paediatric Surgery Departments in Dakar. Results: The average age was 4 days (0-10 days), 50% of them had a severe pneumonopathy. The average time of surgical management was 27 h (6-96 h). In the series, we noted 10 preoperative deaths. The average age at surgery was 5.7 days with a range of 1-18 days. The surgery mortality rate is 28 patients (72%) including 4 late deaths. Conclusion: The causes of death were mainly sepsis, cardiac decompensation and anastomotic leaks