Response to the consultation ‘Regulating On-line Gambling in the EU: Recent Developments and Current Challenges from the Internal Market Standpoint'

This is a collaborative submission from a group of academics based in the UK with expertise in information technology law and related areas. The preparation of this response has been funded by the Information Technology Think Tank, which is supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and led by the SCRIPT/AHRC Centre for Research in Intellectual Property and Technology, University of Edinburgh. This response has been prepared by Abhilash Nair and Dinusha Mendis

Comparative analysis of the existing and proposed ETS

Emissions trading schemes (ETS) have been operational to control greenhouse gas emissions in European Union since 2005. Under the EU ETS, the governments of the Member States agree on national emission caps, allocate allowances to industrial operators, track and validate the actual emissions and retire allowances at the end of each year. ETS have been proposed to be introduced in New Zealand, Australia, Japan, US, Canada, Korea, India and two Chinese provinces in the near future. The main idea of the ETS is to create the market for pollution which will provide economic agents with incentives to reduce their emissions ( Stavins, et al., 2003). The design of ETS plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting environmental and economic sustainability. There are several designs of ETS including cap-and-trade, baseline-and-credit and hybrid, however, cap-and-trade scheme is the most popular among the proposed ETS. The purpose of this paper is to perform a comprehensive review of the existing and the proposed ETS focusing on design issues. Findings of this research will be useful for countries with existing and proposed ETS and for countries intending to adopt ETS in the future.Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), Sustainability, Cap-and-trade, Baseline-and-credit, Hybrid

An Analysis of Directive 2014 / 26 / EU on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights and Multi-Territorial Licensing of Rights in Musical Works for Online Use in the Internal Market

In analysing the CRM Directive, this chapter explores and discusses the coming into being of the Directive, its provisions, impact and implications for CMOs, rights holders and users in relation to the management and licensing of musical works for online use

Battle with Covid-19: the best recommendations for business professionals

Purpose: Workforce healthiness is presently considering the cutting-edge duty in any organization today. The motive of this effort is to provide the best recommendations for business professionals for the survival of their business. Research methodology: The study was inductive and qualitative which conducted a methodical critique of literature as desk research. Pieces of writing in 2019 and 2020 have been reviewed. The content analysis is used as the analysis technique. Results: The researcher recognized workforce protection, business continuity, financial crisis management, contingency planning, and review as five themes associated with the core recommendations for business professionals throughout the corona rampant. Limitations: the secondary data and content analysis may cause subjective limitations to the study. Contribution: Throughout the study, business professionals can review core practices that can adapt in the enterprise under the Coronavirus. Thus, they can use research findings for strategy formulation in the future. Keywords: Covid-19, Recommendations, Business professional

The Treatment of Parodies under Copyright Law in Seven Jurisdictions: A Comparative Review of the Underlying Principles. Parody and Pastiche. Study II.

This report discusses the legal treatment of parodies in seven jurisdictions that have implemented a copyright exception for parody. The jurisdictions include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK, and USA. The report identifies possible regulatory options for benefiting from a parody exception to copyright infringement, and distils the (economic and non-economic) rationales developed by legislators and courts. The report concludes by setting out a list of policy options

The Current Status and Impact of 3D Printing Within the Industrial Sector: An Analysis of Six Case Studies

3D Printing is a term used to describe a range of digital manufacturing technologies. The technology is used to produce component parts layer-by-layer through the use of materials and there are many different types of 3D printing processes. The shift in manufacturing capability has raised questions relating to intellectual property law. 3D printing now paves the way for modified, replicated and changed parts which could then be shared, used and sold. This clearly has implications for intellectual property owners. This Study produced for the UK Intellectual Property Office presents the second part of a two-part study and represents a series of case studies and interviews from the industrial sector

The Impact Of Safety On Fleet Acquisition And Management In U.S Commercial Airlines

The topic of aircraft safety is pervasive in many domains of the airline industry and it influences all types of air transportation operations. Aircraft acquisition and fleet planning are key functions in a commercial airline to ensure the achievement of the airline’s operational goals such as matching capacity with demand. With fluctuations in passenger demand, it is vital to strategically plan an airline’s fleet to best accommodate these changes and to safely do so. Existent literature suggests that aircraft safety is factored into passenger decision to choose an airline which then impacts the economics of an airline. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of safety on fleet acquisition and management processes in commercial airlines in the U.S. The findings suggest that safety plays a major role in the aircraft acquisition and fleet management activities in commercial airlines and generates contributory variables that influence and are influenced by safety events in relation to an aircraft type. The results from this study serves as a conceptual framework for commercial airlines to better gauge the crucial elements that drive fleet planning decisions and to effectively execute strategic fleet management decisions

Protein Interaction Testing of TgCycY Putative Cyclin Protein of Toxoplasma gondii for a Novel Drug Target Identification

The apicomplexan protozoan parasites cause critical health problems and limitation of anti-parasitic drugs is a major problem. Among the apicomplexan parasites, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a highly prevalent obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which seems to rely mostly on proteins that are defined as cyclin and cell cycle kinases that needs to regulate the cell cycle of the tachyzoites. These proteins regulate DNA replication during the cell cycle and lead to moderate cell division which results toxoplasmosis disease. Before targeting the proteins in T. gondii, it is essential to identify these proteins and define their function in the cell cycle via protein-protein interactions. In vitro, protein-protein interaction testing of Toxoplasma gondii ME49 putative TgCycY cyclin via yeast two-hybrid screen was conducted to identify a protein interaction partner. Even though previously tested in vivo analyses showed no direct interaction between TgCycY and TgCrk2, TgCrk2 hypothesized as a potential interacting partner for the TgCycY with the association of a bridging protein. Hypotheses were made based on the ortholog TgCycY-TgCrk2 complex interactions in Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among the identified 8 protein interaction partners from a cDNA library of asynchronous tachyzoite transcriptome that used in the Y2H screen, only TgDJ-1 protein was introduced as the potential interacting partner for the TgCycY. Other protein partners were excluded due to limitations of the yeast-two hybrid screen and lack of information. Based on the previous studies, TgDJ-1 protein has shown function involved in the micronemes secretion and it has introduced as the regulator of the Toxoplasma gondii secretion, motility, and invasion by interacting with TgCDPK1. TgDJ-1 inhibition did not affect the cell cycle of the tachyzoite. A CDK interacting partner for the TgCycY was not detected in this screen. Previously known fact of Cyclin Y function as a substrate for the CDK and the function of the mediating the ortholog CycY-CDK protein-protein interaction via a third protein was applied to the TgCycYTgDJ-1-TgCDPK1 predicted complex. Due to limitations of the current screen and obtained results, indicated hypotheses 1 & 2 cannot be proven and the results direct the conclusion towards the TgCycY having TgDJ-1 as a new protein interacting partner that has existing literature and role of outside the cell cycle regulation. Overall, our project aims to map at the molecular level interactions of putative TgCycY cyclin protein in vitro and identify its function in the T. gondii tachyzoites to introduce it as a novel drug target. Further study regarding the function of TgCycY-TgDJ-1-TgCDPK1 complex is needed to understand the TgCycY role in micronemes secretion and involvement in the tachyzoites