Idade no primeiro parto e diabetes recentemente diagnosticada em mulheres pós-menopáusicas : uma análise transversal do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that earlier age at first childbirth may increase the risk of adult-onset diabetes among postmenopausal women, a novel finding with important public health implications. To date, however, no known studies have attempted to replicate this finding. We aimed to test the hypothesis that age at first childbirth is associated with the risk of adult-onset diabetes among postmenopausal women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from 2919 middle-aged and elderly postmenopausal women in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: Age at first childbirth was determined from self-reporting and newly diagnosed diabetes through a 2-hour 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and/or glycated hemoglobin. Logistic regression was performed to examine associations between age at first childbirth and newly diagnosed diabetes among postmenopausal women. RESULTS: We did not find any association between age at first childbirth and diabetes, either when minimally adjusted for age, race and study center (odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval, CI]: ≤ 19 years: 1.15 [0.82-1.59], 20-24 years: 0.90 [0.66-1.23] and ≥ 30 years: 0.86 [0.63-1.17] versus 25-29 years; P = 0.36) or when fully adjusted for childhood and adult factors (OR [95% CI]: ≤ 19 years: 0.95 [0.67-1.34], 20-24 years: 0.78 [0.56-1.07] and ≥ 30 years: 0.84 [0.61-1.16] versus 25-29 years; P = 0.40). CONCLUSION: Our current analysis does not support the existence of an association between age at first childbirth and adult-onset diabetes among postmenopausal women, which had been reported previously.CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Foi relatado que idade mais precoce no primeiro parto pode aumentar o risco do diabetes de início adulto entre mulheres na menopausa, um novo achado com implicações de saúde pública importantes. Até então, no entanto, nenhum estudo conhecido tentou replicar esta descoberta. Objetivou-se testar a hipótese de que a idade no primeiro parto está associada ao risco de diabetes de início na vida adulta em mulheres pós-menopáusicas. DESENHO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Análise transversal utilizando dados de base de 2.919 mulheres pós-menopáusicas de meia-idade e idosas no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). MÉTODOS: A idade no primeiro parto foi determinada por autorrelato e diabetes recentemente diagnosticado por um teste de tolerância à glicose oral de 2 horas com 75 g e/ou hemoglobina glicada. A regressão logística foi realizada para examinar associações entre idade no primeiro parto e diabetes recentemente diagnosticada entre mulheres pós-menopáusicas. RESULTADOS: Não encontramos associação entre idade no primeiro parto e diabetes, quando ajustados minimamente para idade, raça e centro de estudo (odds ratio, OR [intervalo de confiança, IC 95%]: ≤ 19 anos: 1,15 [0,82-1,59], 20-24 anos: 0,90 [0,66-1,23], ≥ 30 anos: 0,86 [0,63-1,17] versus 25-29 anos, P = 0,36) ou quando totalmente ajustados para fatores infantis e adultos (OR [IC 95%]: ≤ 19 anos: 0,95 [0,67-1,34], 20-24 anos: 0,78 [0,56-1,07], ≥ 30 anos: 0,84 [0,61-1,16] versus 25-29 anos, P = 0,40). CONCLUSÃO: Nossa análise atual não apoia uma associação entre a idade no primeiro parto e o diabetes de início na vida adulta entre mulheres pós-menopáusicas, como relatado anteriormente

La asociación positiva entre ácido úrico sérico, glucosa alterada en ayunas, tolerancia a la glucosa alterada y diabetes mellitus en el estudio ELSA-Brasil

There is a conflict in the literature regarding the association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and glycemic status. Therefore, we evaluated the association between SUA level and glycemic status – impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes mellitus – and insulin resistance, in a large Brazilian study. This is a cross-sectional, observational study with 13,207 participants aged 35-74 years, at baseline (2008-2010) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). A multinomial regression analysis was performed to test the association between SUA and glycemic status (IFG, IGT, and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes at the cohort baseline) after adjustments by age, sex, skin color, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, and medicines use. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between SUA and insulin resistance by HOMA-IR. Stratified analyses by sex were performed. The mean age (standard deviation) was 51.4 (8.9) years, 55.2% of participants were women. There were 1,439 newly diagnosed diabetes. After all adjustments, higher SUA was associated with IFG, IGT, and diabetes, with odds ratio (OR) = 1.15 (95%CI: 1.06; 1.25), 1.23 (95%CI: 1.14; 1.33), and 1.37 (95%CI: 1.24; 1.51), respectively. There was association between SUA levels and insulin resistance with OR = 1.24 (95%CI: 1.13; 1.36). In analysis stratified by sex, higher SUA persisted independently associated with impaired glycemic status. Our results suggest that a higher SUA levels were significantly associated with glycemic status in a large Latin American population, mainly among women.Há uma controvérsia na literatura a respeito da associação entre níveis de ácido úrico sérico (AUS) e glicemia. Portanto, avaliamos a associação entre AUS e glicemia (glicemia em jejum alterada, intolerância glicêmica e diabetes mellitus), além da resistência insulínica, em uma amostra grande no Brasil. O estudo transversal observacional incluiu 13.207 participantes com idade entre 35 e 74 anos na linha de base (2008-2010) do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Foi realizada análise de regressão multivariada para testar a associação entre AUS e glicemia (glicemia em jejum alterada, intolerância glicêmica e diagnóstico novo de diabetes tipo 2 na linha de base da coorte) depois de ajustar para idade, sexo, cor, índice de massa corporal, atividade física, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, comorbidades e uso de medicação. O modelo de regressão logística foi usado para avaliar a associação entre AUS e resistência insulínica por HOMA-IR. Foram realizadas análises estratificadas por sexo. A média de idade (DP) foi 51,4 (8,9) anos, e 55,2% dos participantes eram mulheres. Houve 1.439 novos diagnósticos de diabetes. Depois de todos os ajustes, o AUS esteve associado à glicemia em jejum alterada, intolerância glicêmica e diabetes, com odds ratio (OR) = 1,15 (IC95%: 1,06; 1,25), 1,23 (IC95%: 1,14; 1,33) e 1,37 (IC95%: 1,24; 1,51), respectivamente. Houve uma associação entre níveis de AUS e resistência insulínica, com OR = 1,24 (IC95%: 1,13; 1,36). Na análise estratificada por sexo, persistiu a associação independente entre AUS elevado e glicemia. Os resultados sugerem que níveis elevados de AUS estão associados de maneira significativa com a glicemia em uma população latino-americana grande, sobretudo entre mulheres.Hay un conflicto en la literatura respecto a la asociación entre los niveles de ácido úrico sérico (AUS) y el estado glucémico. Por eso, evaluamos la asociación entre el nivel AUS y el estatus glucémico: glucosa alterada en ayunas (GAA), tolerancia a la glucosa alterada (TGA) y diabetes mellitus (diabetes), comparados con la resistencia a la insulina en un amplio estudio en Brasil. Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional con 13.207 participantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 35-74 años, en la base de referencia del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud entre Adultos brasileños (2008-2010) (ELSA-Brasil). Se realizó un análisis de regresión multinomial para probar la asociación entre AUS y el estado glucémico (GAA, TGA y de nuevo la diabetes tipo 2, diagnosticada en la cohorte como base de referencia) tras los ajustes por edad, sexo, color de piel, índice de masa corporal, actividad física, fumar, consumo de alcohol, comorbilidades, uso de medicinas. Se usó el modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre AUS y la resistencia a la insulina por el HOMA-IR. Se realizó también un análisis estratificado por sexo. La media de edad (desviación estándar) fue 51,4 (8,9) años, un 55,2% de los participantes eran mujeres. Hubo 1.439 nuevos casos de diabetes diagnosticados. Tras todos los ajustes, una AUS más alta estuvo asociada con GAA, TGA y diabetes, con odds ratio (OR) = 1,15 (IC95%: 1,06; 1,25), 1,23 (IC95%: 1,14; 1,33), y 1,37 (IC95%: 1,24; 1,51), respectivamente. Hubo asociación entre los niveles AUS y la resistencia a la insulina con OR = 1,24 (IC95%: 1,13; 1,36). En el análisis estratificado por sexo, una AUS más alta persistía independientemente asociada con un estado glucémico alterado. Nuestros resultados sugieren que unos niveles más altos de AUS estuvieron significativamente asociados con el estado glucémico en una amplia población latinoamericana, principalmente entre mujeres

Optimizing strategies to identify high risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Introduction: The success of diabetes prevention based on early treatment depends on high-quality screening. This study compared the diagnostic properties of currently recommended screening strategies against alternative score-based rules to identify those at high risk of developing diabetes. Methods: The study used data from ELSA-Brasil, a contemporary cohort followed up for a mean (standard deviation) of 7.4 (0.54) years, to develop risk functions with logistic regression to predict incident diabetes based on socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical, and laboratory variables. We compared the predictive capacity of these functions against traditional pre-diabetes cutoffs of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) alone or combined with recommended screening questionnaires. Results: Presenting FPG > 100 mg/dl predicted 76.6% of future cases of diabetes in the cohort at the cost of labeling 40.6% of the sample as high risk. If FPG testing was performed only in those with a positive American Diabetes Association (ADA) questionnaire, labeling was reduced to 12.2%, but only 33% of future cases were identified. Scores using continuously expressed clinical and laboratory variables produced a better balance between detecting more cases and labeling fewer false positives. They consistently outperformed strategies based on categorical cutoffs. For example, a score composed of both clinical and laboratory data, calibrated to detect a risk of future diabetes ≥20%, predicted 54% of future diabetes cases, labeled only 15.3% as high risk, and, compared to the FPG ≥ 100 mg/dl strategy, nearly doubled the probability of future diabetes among screen positives. Discussion: Currently recommended screening strategies are inferior to alternatives based on continuous clinical and laboratory variables

Association between diabetes and cognitive function at baseline in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA- Brasil)

Diabetes has been associated with cognitive changes and an increased risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, but it is unclear whether there are associations between diabetes and early alterations in cognitive performance. The present study consisted of a cross-section analysis of 14,444 participants aged 35–74 years and from a developing country at baseline in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA–Brasil); these participants were recruited between 2008 and 2010. We investigated whether there was an association between diabetes and early changes in the cognitive performance of this Brazilian population. To assess cognitive domains, we used the word-list learning, word-list delayed recall and word recognition tests along. Phonemic verbal fuency tests included semantic phonemic test (animals) and a phonemic test (words beginning with the letter F). Executive functions associated with attention, concentration and psychomotor speed were evaluated using the Trail Making Test B. The exposure variable in the study was defned as diabetes. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the association between diabetes and cognitive performance. The results were adjusted for age, sex, education, hypertension, coronary disease, depression, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and the cholesterol/HDL-C ratio. We found a signifcant association between diabetes and decreased memory, language and executive function (attention, concentration and psychomotor speed) performance in this population from a country with a distinct epidemiological profle, even after adjusting for the main intervening variables

Modelo homeostático para evaluar la resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-IR) y síndrome metabólico en la línea de base de una cohorte brasileña multicéntrica : estudio ELSA-Brasil

Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is a method to measure insulin resistance. HOMA-IR cut-offs for identifying metabolic syndrome might vary across populations and body mass index (BMI) levels. We aimed to investigate HOMA-insulin resistance cut-offs that best discriminate individuals with insulin resistance and with metabolic syndrome for each BMI category in a large sample of adults without diabetes in the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Among the 12,313 participants with mean age of 51.2 (SD 8.9) years, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 34.6%, and 60.1% had overweight or obesity. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among normal weight, overweight and obesity categories were, respectively, 13%, 43.2% and 60.7%. The point of maximum combined sensitivity and specificity of HOMA-IR to discriminate the metabolic syndrome was 2.35 in the whole sample, with increasing values at higher BMI categories. This investigation contributes to better understanding HOMA-IR values associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in a large Brazilian adult sample, and that use of cut-off points according to ROC curve may be the better strategy. It also suggests that different values might be appropriate across BMI categories

Establishing a blood fructosamine reference range for the Brazilian population based on data from ELSA – Brasil

Objectives: The fructosamine test is used in the monitoring of diabetes mellitus, particularly in cases with restrictions on the use of glycated hemoglobin (mainly in the setting of altered red blood cell lifespan and interference by hemoglobin variants). It could also provide additional information on shorter-term glycemic control. The objective of the study is to establish the reference range of the fructosamine in the Brazilian population. Design and methods: The reference interval was defined as suggested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The study participants were from a Brazilian cohort (The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health – ELSA-Brasil) with baseline data collected between 2008 and 2010. A total of 466 subjects were selected after exclusion of diabetic individuals, and those with altered glycemic markers and renal function tests. Results: The reference interval was 186–248 μmol/L for women and 196–269 μmol/L for men. Fructosamine levels were higher in men than in women (p = 0.006) and in the non-white population (p = 0.034) and had a negative correlation with the body mass index (r = −0.117; p = 0.011). Conclusions: The reference intervals for fructosamine were affected by sex. Reference intervals stratified by sex would be more adequate in the interpretation of the fructosamine test. Keywords: Fructosamine, Reference interval, Diabetes mellitu

Is the association between vitamin D, adiponectin, and insulin resistance present in normal weight or obese? A pilot study

Summary: Objective: Obesity is classically associated with vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of vitamin D with serum adiponectin concentration and insulin resistance in normal weight and obese individuals. Research methods and procedures: Cross-sectional analysis was performed in 76 participants without diabetes (40 obese and 36 normal weight) from a convenience sample of a health counseling center in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. All participants self-reported their skin color as white. Body weight and height were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Serum insulin, glycemia, vitamin D (25OHD), and adiponectin were evaluated after 12 h fasting. Body fat percentage by electric bioimpedance and waist circumference were analyzed. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated. Age- and gender-adjusted associations by multivariate logistic regression were used. Multiplicative interaction terms between 25OHD/adiponectin and BMI were calculated. Results: Participant's mean age was 35 ± 9.5 years; 75% were female, and 65.8% were vitamin D insufficient (25OHD < 20 ng/mL). The mean of 25OHD was 28.4 ± 8.6 ng/mL, median of adiponectin was 204 ng/L, and the median of Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was 2.2. There was no association between 25OHD status, adiponectin, and HOMA-IR in total sample or among obese or normal weight individuals. After adjustments, there was an association between 25OHD insufficiency and body fat percentage (odds ratio = 0.94; confidence interval 95% = 0.88 to 0.99, p = 0.04) in the total sample. BMI did not influence the association between 25OHD and adiponectin. Conclusion: There was a negative association between fat percentage and 25OHD status, but there were no associations between 25OHD, adiponectin, and insulin resistance in this sample. Further studies are needed to understand these associations in other populations. Keywords: Obesity, Vitamin D, Adiponectin, Insulin resistance, Vitamins, Abdominal fa

Perfil de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, assistidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil: revisão sistemática

Em 2013, quase um milhão de brasileiros eram obesos graves. A cirurgia bariátrica é uma alternativa para a perda de peso sustentada. Até 2014 foram realizadas quase 50 mil cirurgias pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil, mas dados antropométricos e de comorbidades destes pacientes são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática para conhecer o perfil do paciente submetido à cirurgia bariátrica pelo SUS até 2014. Foram consultadas as bases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO e Scopus. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos incluídos foi avaliada por escores de Carson e Newcastle-Ottawa. Foram identificados 1.591 estudos e selecionados 39, sendo 95% observacionais. Em média, os pacientes têm 41,4 anos, índice de massa corporal 48,6kg/m2, 21% são homens, 61% hipertensos, 22% diabéticos e 31% têm apneia do sono. Comparado com pacientes incluídos em estudos internacionais, o paciente SUS apresenta perfil antropométrico e de comorbidades semelhante, exceto pela maior prevalência de hipertensão. A baixa qualidade metodológica dos estudos sugere precaução na interpretação dos resultados

Adverse effects during the oral glucose tolerance test in post-bariatric surgery patients

ABSTRACT Objective The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used in the screening of gestational diabetes, in diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in conjunction with fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and risk factors of adverse effects of OGTT in patients who underwent bariatric surgery, in addition to proposing standardization for ordering the OGTT in these patients. Subjects and methods This study assessed the incidence of adverse effects in 128 post-bariatric surgery patients who underwent the OGTT. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis were performed, the dependent variables were defined as the presence of signs (tremor, profuse sweating, tachycardia), symptoms (nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, weakness), and hypoglycemia (blood glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL). Results One hundred and seventeen participants (91.4%) were female; 38 (29.7%) participants were pregnant. High incidence (64.8%) of adverse effects was observed: nausea (38.4%), dizziness (30.5%), weakness (25.8%), diarrhea (23.4%), hypoglycemia (14.8%), tachycardia (14.1%), tremor (13.3%), profuse sweating (12.5%) and one case of severe hypoglycemia (24 mg/dL). The presence of signs was associated with hypoglycemia (OR = 8.1, CI 95% 2.6-25.1). The arterial hypertension persisted as a risk factor for the incidence of signs (OR = 3.6, CI 95% 1.2-11.3). Fasting glucose below 75 mg/dL increased the risk of hypoglycemia during the test (OR = 9.5, CI 95% 2.6-35.1). Conclusion In this study, high incidence of adverse effects during the OGTT was observed in post-bariatric surgery patients. If these results are confirmed by further studies, the indication and regulation of the OGTT procedure must be reviewed for these patients