Coupled Large Eddy Simulations of combustion chamber-turbine interactions

Les turbines à gaz modernes deviennent de plus en plus compactes, ce qui augmente les interactions entre leurs différents composants. Les interactions chambre de combustion-turbine sont particulièrement critiques car elles peuvent changer le champ aérothermique dans la turbine et réduire la durée de vie du moteur. Aujourd’hui, ces deux composants sont traités de façon indépendante, ce qui ne permet pas de prendre en compte leurs interactions. Cette thèse propose une approche couplée, basée sur les Simulations aux Grandes Échelles (SGE), une technique qui permet de prendre en compte toutes les interactions chambre de combustion-turbine. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, une méthode, compatible avec le code SGE AVBP, est proposée pour traiter les configurations rotor/stator de manière rigoureuse. Une série de cas test académiques vient prouver que l’interface respecte les propriétés des schémas numériques du code. Cette étude est suivie par une validation de l’approche dans le cas d'une turbine haute-pression mono-étage. Les résultats sont comparés avec des mesures expérimentales et l’influence des différents paramètres et modèles est établi. La deuxième partie de cette travail est dédiée à la prédiction des interactions chambre de combustion-turbine en utilisant les méthodes précédemment décrites et validées. Le premier type d’interaction étudié est la génération du bruit de combustion indirect dans une turbine haute pression. Ce bruit est créé lorsque des hétérogénéités de température, générées dans la chambre de combustion, sont accélérées dans la turbine. Pour simplifier les calculs, les hétérogénéités sont modélisées par des fluctuations de température sinusoïdales, injectées dans la turbine par les conditions limites. Les mécanismes de génération de bruit sont mis en évidence et le bruit de combustion indirect est mesuré et comparé avec une théorie analytique et des prédictions 2D. La deuxième application est un calcul couplé chambre de combustion-turbine qui analyse les interactions entre ces deux composants d’un point de vue aérothermique. Les caractéristiques instationnaires de l’écoulement à l’entrée de la turbine et la migration des hétérogénéités de température dans la turbine sont étudiées. Un calcul de la turbine seule est aussi effectué pour comparaison avec le calcul couplé. ABSTRACT : Modern gas turbines are characterized by compact designs that enhance the interactions between its different components. Combustion chamber-turbine interactions, in particular, are critical as they may alter the aerothermal flow field of the turbine which can drastically impact the engine life duration. Current state-of-the-art treats these two components in a decoupled way and does not take into account their interactions. This dissertation proposes a coupled approach based on the high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulation (LES) formalism that can take into account all the potential paths of interactions between components. In the first part of this work, an overset grid method is proposed to treat rotor/stator configurations in a rigorous fashion that is compatible with the LES solver AVBP. This interface treatment is shown not to impact the characteristics of the numerical schemes on a series of academic test cases of varying complexity. The approach is then validated on a realistic high-pressure turbine stage. The results are compared against experimental measurements and the influence of different modeling and simulation parameters is evaluated. The second part of this work is dedicated to the prediction of combustion chamber-turbine interactions using the developed methodologies. The first type of interactions evaluated is the indirect combustion noise generation across a high-pressure turbine stage. This noise arises when combustor-generated temperature heterogeneities are accelerated in the turbine. To simplify the simulations the heterogeneities are modeled by sinusoidal temperature fluctuations injected in the turbine through the boundary conditions. The noise generation mechanisms are revealed by such LES and the indirect combustion noise is measured and compared to an analytical theory and 2D predictions. The second application is a fully-coupled combustor-turbine simulation that investigates the interactions between the two components from an aerothermal point of view. The rich flow characteristics at the turbine inlet, issued by the unsteady combustion in the chamber, are analyzed along with the migration of the temperature heterogeneities. A standalone turbine simulation serves as a benchmark to compare the impact of the fully coupled approach

Coupled Large Eddy Simulations of combustion chamber-turbine interactions

Modern gas turbines are characterized by compact designs that enhance the interactions between its different components. Combustion chamber-turbine interactions, in particular, are critical as they may alter the aerothermal flow field of the turbine which can drastically impact the engine life duration. Current state-of-the-art treats these two components in a decoupled way and does not take into account their interactions. This dissertation proposes a coupled approach based on the high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulation (LES) formalism that can take into account all the potential paths of interactions between components. In the first part of this work, an overset grid method is proposed to treat rotor/stator configurations in a rigorous fashion that is compatible with the LES solver AVBP. This interface treatment is shown not to impact the characteristics of the numerical schemes on a series of academic test cases of varying complexity. The approach is then validated on a realistic high-pressure turbine stage. The results are compared against experimental measurements and the influence of different modeling and simulation parameters is evaluated. The second part of this work is dedicated to the prediction of combustion chamber-turbine interactions using the developed methodologies. The first type of interactions evaluated is the indirect combustion noise generation across a high-pressure turbine stage. This noise arises when combustor-generated temperature heterogeneities are accelerated in the turbine. To simplify the simulations the heterogeneities are modeled by sinusoidal temperature fluctuations injected in the turbine through the boundary conditions. The noise generation mechanisms are revealed by such LES and the indirect combustion noise is measured and compared to an analytical theory and 2D predictions. The second application is a fully-coupled combustor-turbine simulation that investigates the interactions between the two components from an aerothermal point of view. The rich flow characteristics at the turbine inlet, issued by the unsteady combustion in the chamber, are analyzed along with the migration of the temperature heterogeneities. A standalone turbine simulation serves as a benchmark to compare the impact of the fully coupled approach

Diabetic cardiomyopathy: from the pathophysiology of the cardiac myocytes to current diagnosis and management strategies

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), although a distinct clinical entity, is also a part of the diabetic atherosclerosis process. It may be independent of the coexistence of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, or other macrovascular complications. Its pathological substrate is characterized by the presence of myocardial damage, reactive hypertrophy, and intermediary fibrosis, structural and functional changes of the small coronary vessels, disturbance of the management of the metabolic cardiovascular load, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. These alterations make the diabetic heart susceptible to ischemia and less able to recover from an ischemic attack. Arterial hypertension frequently coexists with and exacerbates cardiac functioning, leading to the premature appearance of heart failure. Classical and newer echocardiographic methods are available for early diagnosis. Currently, there is no specific treatment for DCM; targeting its pathophysiological substrate by effective risk management protects the myocardium from further damage and has a recognized primary role in its prevention. Its pathophysiological substrate is also the objective for the new therapies and alternative remedies

Computational modeling of the flow around a wing

81 σ.Υπολογιστική προσομοίωση της ροής γύρω από πτέρυγα με χρήση του λογισμικού Fluent.Computational modeling of the flow around a wing using the software Fluent.Δημήτριος N. Παπαδογιάννη

Simulations aux Grandes Echelles couplées des interactions chambre de combustion-turbine

Les turbines à gaz modernes deviennent de plus en plus compactes, ce qui augmente les interactions entre leurs différents composants. Les interactions chambre de combustion-turbine sont particulièrement critiques car elles peuvent changer le champ aérothermique dans la turbine et réduire la durée de vie du moteur. Aujourd’hui, ces deux composants sont traités de façon indépendante, ce qui ne permet pas de prendre en compte leurs interactions. Cette thèse propose une approche couplée, basée sur les Simulations aux Grandes Échelles (SGE), une technique qui permet de prendre en compte toutes les interactions chambre de combustion-turbine. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, une méthode, compatible avec le code SGE AVBP, est proposée pour traiter les configurations rotor/stator de manière rigoureuse. Une série de cas test académiques vient prouver que l’interface respecte les propriétés des schémas numériques du code. Cette étude est suivie par une validation de l’approche dans le cas d'une turbine haute-pression mono-étage. Les résultats sont comparés avec des mesures expérimentales et l’influence des différents paramètres et modèles est établi. La deuxième partie de cette travail est dédiée à la prédiction des interactions chambre de combustion-turbine en utilisant les méthodes précédemment décrites et validées. Le premier type d’interaction étudié est la génération du bruit de combustion indirect dans une turbine haute pression. Ce bruit est créé lorsque des hétérogénéités de température, générées dans la chambre de combustion, sont accélérées dans la turbine. Pour simplifier les calculs, les hétérogénéités sont modélisées par des fluctuations de température sinusoïdales, injectées dans la turbine par les conditions limites. Les mécanismes de génération de bruit sont mis en évidence et le bruit de combustion indirect est mesuré et comparé avec une théorie analytique et des prédictions 2D. La deuxième application est un calcul couplé chambre de combustion-turbine qui analyse les interactions entre ces deux composants d’un point de vue aérothermique. Les caractéristiques instationnaires de l’écoulement à l’entrée de la turbine et la migration des hétérogénéités de température dans la turbine sont étudiées. Un calcul de la turbine seule est aussi effectué pour comparaison avec le calcul couplé.Modern gas turbines are characterized by compact designs that enhance the interactions between its different components. Combustion chamber-turbine interactions, in particular, are critical as they may alter the aerothermal flow field of the turbine which can drastically impact the engine life duration. Current state-of-the-art treats these two components in a decoupled way and does not take into account their interactions. This dissertation proposes a coupled approach based on the high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulation (LES) formalism that can take into account all the potential paths of interactions between components. In the first part of this work, an overset grid method is proposed to treat rotor/stator configurations in a rigorous fashion that is compatible with the LES solver AVBP. This interface treatment is shown not to impact the characteristics of the numerical schemes on a series of academic test cases of varying complexity. The approach is then validated on a realistic high-pressure turbine stage. The results are compared against experimental measurements and the influence of different modeling and simulation parameters is evaluated. The second part of this work is dedicated to the prediction of combustion chamber-turbine interactions using the developed methodologies. The first type of interactions evaluated is the indirect combustion noise generation across a high-pressure turbine stage. This noise arises when combustor-generated temperature heterogeneities are accelerated in the turbine. To simplify the simulations the heterogeneities are modeled by sinusoidal temperature fluctuations injected in the turbine through the boundary conditions. The noise generation mechanisms are revealed by such LES and the indirect combustion noise is measured and compared to an analytical theory and 2D predictions. The second application is a fully-coupled combustor-turbine simulation that investigates the interactions between the two components from an aerothermal point of view. The rich flow characteristics at the turbine inlet, issued by the unsteady combustion in the chamber, are analyzed along with the migration of the temperature heterogeneities. A standalone turbine simulation serves as a benchmark to compare the impact of the fully coupled approach

Quality Measurement as a Prerequisite for Improving Hypertension Control in an Academic Medical Center

Background: Quality of care provided by the outpatient hypertension unit of a general hospital was measured using quality indicators (QIs) derived from guidelines. Methods: We enrolled 1206 patients with hypertension, 626 men and 580 women, with a mean age of 55.33 +/- 12.08 years. Median follow-up was 47 months (minimum: 6 months, maximum: 349 months, interquartile range). We calculated the percentage of patients who achieved the targets of controlling blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol, low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, uric acid, potassium, sodium, creatinine clearance, Sokolow-Lyon index, and left ventricle hypertrophy in echo between the first and the last visit. Patient satisfaction and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke were evaluated as outcome indicators. Results: The BP was controlled in 40% of patients at the end of the study, compared with 11% at the first visit. We did not manage to achieve significant improvement for other QIs. A wide range of hypertensive patients and lack of a quality improvement program are the main reasons for low control rate. During follow-up, we obtained the increased incidence of cardiovascular events by outcome indicators such as CAD, MI, and stroke. Conclusions: Quality measurement shows us that the quality of provided care needs further improvement. Although we succeeded in controlling BP in 40% of patients, we did not manage to improve the other QIs. Modifying our structure and process components, we are working on improving outcome by achieving better control of QIs

Assessment of the Indirect Combustion Noise Generated in a Transonic High-Pressure Turbine Stage

International audienceIndirect combustion noise, generated by the acceleration and distortion of entropy waves through the turbine stages, has been shown to be the dominant noise source of gas turbines at low-frequencies and to impact the thermoacoustic behavior of the combustor. In the present work, indirect combustion noise generation is evaluated in the realistic, fully 3D transonic high-pressure turbine stage MT1 using large eddy simulations (LESs). An analysis of the basic flow and the different turbine noise generation mechanisms is performed for two configurations: one with a steady inflow and a second with a pulsed inlet, where a plane entropy wave train at a given frequency is injected before propagating across the stage generating indirect noise. The noise is evaluated through the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) of the flow field. It is compared with the previous 2D simulations of a similar stator/rotor configuration, as well as with the compact theory of Cumpsty and Marble. Results show that the upstream propagating entropy noise is reduced due to the choked turbine nozzle guide vane. Downstream acoustic waves are found to be of similar strength to the 2D case, highlighting the potential impact of indirect combustion noise on the overall noise signature of the engine

Assessment of the Indirect Combustion Noise Generated in a Transonic High-Pressure Turbine Stage

International audienceIndirect combustion noise, generated by the acceleration and distortion of entropy waves through the turbine stages, has been shown to be the dominant noise source of gas turbines at low-frequencies and to impact the thermoacoustic behavior of the combustor. In the present work, indirect combustion noise generation is evaluated in the realistic, fully 3D transonic high-pressure turbine stage MT1 using Large-Eddy Simulations (LES). An analysis of the basic flow and the different turbine noise generation mechanisms is performed for two configurations: one with a steady inflow and a second with a pulsed inlet, where a plane entropy wave train at a given frequency is injected before propagating across the stage generating indirect noise. The noise is evaluated through the Dynamic Mode Decomposition of the flow field. It is compared with previous 2D simulations of a similar stator/rotor configuration, as well as with the compact theory of Cumpsty and Marble. Results show that the upstream propagating entropy noise is reduced due to the choked turbine nozzle guide vane. Downstream acoustic waves are found to be of similar strength to the 2D case, highlighting the potential impact of indirect combustion noise on the overall noise signature of the engine