Building on the Promise: State Initiatives to Expand Access to Early Head Start for Young Children and Their Families

Discusses twenty states' approaches to expanding and enhancing Early Head Start services, opportunities and challenges for state initiatives, and recommendations for building on existing services for at-risk children. Calls for increased federal funding

Culture of Channel Catfish in East-Central South Dakota Dugout Ponds

Twenty dugout ponds in east-central South Dakota were stocked 10 May 1980 with fingerling (mean weight 39.4 g, mean total length 108.4 mm) channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at stocking rates of 309, 618, 1,235, and 1,853 fish/ha. Supplemental food was provided in 16 ponds (four at each stocking rate) at a rate of 4% body weight every other day. Fish in four ponds stocked, one at each of the respective stocking rates were not fed. Eleven of the 16 ponds which received feed were considered fit for analysis at the end of the study period, 27 September 1980. Two of the four ponds which did not receive feed were fit for analysis. Least square means were computed for fish lengths and weights. Final length least square means for the respective stocking rates in ponds receiving food were 274.2, 266.1, 260.6, and 231.2 mm. Final weight least square means for the respective stocking rates were 193.8, 163.3, 166.1, and 105.2 g. Tukey\u27s test revealed no significant (P \u3c 0.05) differences between the least square mean values for the 1,235/ha rate and the highest respective least mean square values for length, weight, or K(TL). For production purposes, the 1,235/ha stocking rate was determined to be the best of the four rates, yielding 107 kg/ha, and producing an average of 0.84 kg/ha/day. These growth and production values were less than those of similar studies conducted at more southerly latitudes and were determined to be unprofitable from an aquacultural view. The short growing season and less than optimum water chemistry conditions were believed to have hindered growth. Food habit analysis indicated the catfish were not markedly utilizing the stocked forage base of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Taste evaluations by participating pond owners and a taste panel yielded favorable results. In the pond owner test, 93.3% of the respondents rated the flavor as acceptable. The taste panel rated 64% of the fish sampled as good to excellent in taste. Dugout ponds receiving little or no cattle usage were likely to have excess aquatic macrophytes, a probable result of greater water transparency. Assuming 100% collection efficiency, 65.2% of the 489 fish stocked in the 11 usable fed ponds survived. Dugout ponds are capable of supporting channel catfish and also have recreational fisheries potential. These ponds may have commercial potential with channel catfish if a different stocking strategy is followed. The dugout pond may also represent a bait fishery potential with fathead minnows. Future stockings of channel catfish in similar ponds might reach harvestable size if stocked at a larger size (203 - 254 mm total length). Assuming 100% recovery efficiency, 45 of 62 (72.6%) fish left to overwinter in three dugout ponds survived. A new dugout pond was found to be significantly (P≤ 0.01) less productive than an older pond. The mean annual zooplankton biomass for the newer pond was 121.6 mg/l while that of the older pond was 245.3 mg/l, both values were representative of eutrophic waters

A Technology Analysis of Repositories and Services DLF

This is a PDF version of the Powerpoint presentation given by Sayeed Choudhury and Tim DiLauro at the DLF Spring 2005 Forum in San Diego, CA on Tuesday, April 12, 2005. It outlines our approach and motivation for the project

Pain threshold, tolerance and catastrophization in women with dyspareunia

This study examined the impact of pain and sexual stimuli on the experience of experimentally induced pain, as well as pain threshold, tolerance and catastrophization levels in women with dyspareunia compared to control women

Pd-catalyzed Reductions in Deep Eutectic Solvents by Using Aluminum and Water as Hydrogen Source

The reduction of organic functional groups, using metal-catalyzed hydrogenations, is one of the most employed strategy in organic chemistry for the synthesis of both fine and bulk chemicals.[1] Hydrogen is an explosive gas and its production needs extensive energy and generates a considerable amount of carbon dioxide. Therefore, the development of cost-effective reduction methods that use safe reagents, environmentally-friendly solvents and prevent or minimize waste formation represents a challenge of great interest in sustainable chemistry. As part of our ongoing efforts in the discovery of sustainable synthetic methodologies,[2] an alternative and safe palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation reaction in Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) is here described.[3] The use of aluminum powder in combination with water and a base in DESs, results in an environmentally-responsible system for the controlled in-situ generation of hydrogen. Our optimized protocol is effective for the reduction of a wide range of functional groups, containing C–C, C–N, C–O, N–O multiple bonds as well as for the dearomatization of (hetero)aromatic compounds, and leads to the desired products in yield up-to 99%. The simplicity, cost, tunability, scalability and the environmentally benign character of both catalytic system and DESs, offer numerous advantages over the currently available methods that employ external and dangerous H2 source and harsh, volatile organic solvents

A route to benzodithiophene systems by exploiting a ligand-free Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction in deep eutectic solvents

Benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b\u2019]dithiophene (BDT) and its derivatives belong to an interesting class of thiophene-based aromatic \uf070-conjugated compounds that are widely studied as functional organic materials inserted, for instance, as units in mono and polydisperse oligomers [1], or as \uf070-spacers in push-pull organic chromophores for photovoltaic applications [2]. Moreover, BDTs are key intermediates for the synthesis of inherent chiral tetrathia[7]helicenes, which are an attractive class of heterohelicenes with unique physicochemical and chiroptical properties due to their helix-like structure [3]. Thus, BDT is a key starting molecule which can allow access to more complex and interesting systems through a selective and judicious functionalization of the \uf061 and \uf062-positions of the terminal thiophene rings. Building on our recent studies on the synthesis and functionalization of BDTs [4], we questioned whether a novel class of 2,7-diarylsubstituted BDTs 1 (Figure 1) could be synthesized via a palladium-catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura reaction between heteroaryl halides 2 and organoboron derivatives 3 in Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), which have proven to be effective as sustainable and environmentally responsible reaction media in several transition-metal-catalyzed reactions [5].In this communication, we report our preliminary results on the preparation of diarylsubstituted BDTs 1, and discuss the substrate scope of the proposed protocol. Some of the compounds so far obtained display interesting photophysical properties, which are currently under investigation

A Glycerol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as Natural Medium and Organic Reductant for Homocoupling of (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides: a Green Route to 2,2’-Bipyridine and Biaryl Scaffolds

A glycerol-based Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) enables the Pd-catalyzed activation of (hetero)arylchlorides and promotes the formation of 2,2’-bipiyridines and biaryls through an Ullmann-type homocoupling in smooth experimental conditions (80 °C) with Ca(OH)2 as a green base and Pd/C as heterogeneous catalyst. Noteworthy, the coupling does not need the addition of external reducing agents, like metals, since the glycerol present in the DES acts as a safe and green organic reductant. The heterogeneous catalytic system (DES-Pd/C) showed to be easily recyclable and has been applied to the sustainable synthesis of the Abametapir drug